Rivers Flashcards
What’s are the three types of rock and where are they found
Igneous- made from magma (granite)
Sedimentary- compress sediments (clay,Chalk, limestone)
Metamorphic- igneous or sedimentary rock changed by heat or pressure (state)
The top half of the Uk is igneous or metamorphic rock that forms upland landscapes. The bottom half of the UK is sedimentary rock and forms lowland landscapes.
What’s the impacts of the sun-aerial process chemical weathering
Granite contains feldspar which converts to soft clay minerals as a result of a chemical reaction with water
Limestone is dissolved by carbonation. CO2 in the atmosphere combines with rainwater to form carbonic acid which changes calcium carbonate into calcium bicarbonate this is carried away by water in solution.
What does costal erosion lead to
This leads to costal retreat when the coast moves further inland.
Sliding happens when loosend rocks and soil tumble down a dope blocks may slide together
What’s the role of glaciers in the top half of the UK
Ice sheets and glaciers of 100m thick covered the land as far south as London. The ice pressed down on the landscape and eroded it in distinctive ways.
The bottom half of the Uk, was not covers i glaciers but it was influenced by facial deposition. Clays, sand and silts by glaciers in northern areas were dumped and washed over the southern areas and the south was frozen even if not ice-covered
How does climate change effect the coastal movement
Erosion may increase so beaches may disappear
Depositional features such as spits and bars may submerge or destroyed
Natural ecosystems and habitats will be destroyed

Storms will increase due to temperatures rising
What’s the charactistics of the upper course
Steep
Shallow
Narrow sides
Quite fast
Steep sides
Waterfalls, interlocking spurs
What’s the characteristics of the middle course
Less steep
Large
Deeper
Flat
Steep sides
Fast
Meander, floodplains
What’s the characteristics of the lower course
Shallow gradient
Very large
Deep
Flat floor, genital slope sides
Very fast
Meanders, floodplains, ox-bow lakes
What happens along the river
The source is steep and fast and it’s eroding downwards very quickly
The meanders in the middle of the river erodes the river side ways broadening the valley
Near the mouth there is high discharge and some deposition and erosion
What are meanders
They are bends in the river’s course. In the lower course the river uses up surplus energy by swinging one way and the other;causing lateral erosion of the bends and deposition on the inside
How are ox-now lakes formed
As the meander is formed the neck of the meander starts to get eroded more causing the neck to be cut off and an ox-bow lake forms
What factors effect a hydrograph
Geology-more resistant rock will Absorb less water than less resistant rock so run off with be greater
Soil type- some impermeable soils will absorb less water than permeable soils so run off will be greater
Vegetation- plants use water so run-off will be greater
Slope- steeper slopes cause faster surface run-off so more water reaches the river
What are the four types of transportation
Traction- boulders rolling along the bed
Saltration- smaller pebbles bounce along the river bed
Suspension- finer sand particles carried along in the flow
Solution- minerals dissolved in the water that cannot be seen
