Coasts

Question 1

What’s the fetch

Answer 1

The distance of sea that a wave travels before it meets land

Question 2

What’s the swash and backwash

Answer 2

Swash: the water that flows into the shore

Backwash: the water that runs back out to sea

Question 3

What factors cause a bigger wave

Answer 3

Strong wind

Travelling along a bigger distance

Question 4

What’s a constructive wave

Answer 4

A wave that creates new land it’s swash is strong than its backwash and deposits more than it takes away

Question 5

What’s a destructive wave

Answer 5

A wave that erodes more land it’s backwash is strong than it’s swash so it drags shingle and sand away from the beach

Question 6

What are the 4 types of erosion and what do they do

Answer 6

Hydronic action: power of waves bashing against a coast

Abrasion: waves breaking rocks and stones against the cliff face

Attrition: rocks break down as they hit off each other to form smaller particles

Solution: acids dissolved in the sea react and breakdown rock or dissolve landscape

Question 7

How does a cliff form

Answer 7

A steep slope of the coast

Destructive waves erode a notch in the coast, the notch becomes deeper and the un-eroded rock above is known as the overhang and it becomes so overhang that it collapses and forms a cliff and the former base of the cliff is known as the wave-cut platform

Question 8

How are bays and headlands formed

Answer 8

A headland is a piece of hard rock that juts into the sea. The bay is a wide curved opening into the coast.

They form when the coast is made of SR and HR the SR erodes faster than the HR and this forms an inlet called a bay and the erosion of the HR is slower so it just into the sea and forms a headland, sometimes the bay is very deep

Question 9

What is a concord ant coastline

Answer 9

When hard rock and soft rock is parallel to the sea front

Question 10

What is a discordant coastline

Answer 10

Discordant is right angled to the seafront

Question 11

How are sea caves formed

Answer 11

This is a tunnel or passage at the foot of the cliff

Waves find a weak spot (crack) in the cliff face and erodes it by hydraulic action or abrasion forming a cave

Question 12

How are sea arches formed

Answer 12

This is a passage that runs straight through a headland

Caves can be eroded more that it eventually cuts right through to the other side of the cave to form a sea arch. Or they form when two caves on either side of the headland meet and form a sea arch

Question 13

How is a sea stack formed

Answer 13

This is a pillar of rock formed by a headland

When waves erode the base of a sea arch they widen and cause the roof to become unstable and collapse the former headland is then cut off and is now a sea stack

Question 14

How are sea stumps formed

Answer 14

This sis a stump of rock visible at low tide

Overtime erosion breaks down the sea stack and then becomes a sea stump that’s visible at low tide

Question 15

What is mass movement

Answer 15

This is the movement of materials down a slope can be a landslide

Question 16

What is marine processes

Answer 16

Land broken down by erosion

Question 17

Sub-Ariel processes

Answer 17

Is the land broken down by weathering

Question 18

What is longshore drift

Answer 18

Waves approach the beach at an angle

The swash carry’s the material up the shore at this angle

Some materials deposited

Backwash brings some materials straight out towards the sea because of gravity and slope of the beach

This process is repeated as materials are moved along the beach in a zig-zag motion

Question 19

What is a beach’s and how is it formed

Answer 19

This is an area of sand located on a beach

Waves move up the seashore and the sea deposits it’s load, finer lighter materials such as sand is deposited closer to the sea and heavier bigger rocks and dropped further away during a storm

Question 20

What is a sand spit and how does it form

Answer 20

This is a long finger of sand created by deposition

This is due to longshore drift and deposition they develop when sand cannot be moved an further and the sea sediments build up over time above sea level and this gets wider and longer. The area of water behind is often sheltered from waves and wind which leads to the formation of salt marshes and if the wind changes direction the sediment carried forms a hook or curve at the end of the sand spit

Question 21

How are sandbars and lagoons formed

Answer 21

This is formed when a sand spit extends across a bay and overtime connects two land masses

A lagoon is formed is when a sandbar seals of an area and the water behind it is sheilded off from the rest of sea and is protected by the sea bar

Question 22

What are 3 types of sea protection and how do they protect the seashore

Answer 22

Grounes- prevents longshore drift trapping sand between fences and helps to build up the sea overtime and natural sea defences.

Beach replenishment- building up the sea so it’s a natural protection against the sea

Slope stabilisation- planting vegetation helps to stabilise the cliff face from slumping

Do nothing

Question 23

What is hard engineering and soft engineering

Answer 23

Hard: using concrete or stela but they are expensive and unnatural

Soft: using smaller structures that are natural and allow natural processes as a form of protection

Question 24

What’s the core

Answer 24

An area of the country that’s most economically developed in terms of industry and jobs

Question 25

What’s a periphery

Answer 25

An area of a country that’s least economically developed

Question 26

Physical factors of why London is the core of England

Answer 26

Rainfall is low in southeast Temperature is the highest Flattest land

Question 27

What’s the human factors of why London is the core

Answer 27

Many motorway networks Income is highest in London Widespread technology

Question 28

What would you find in rural areas

Answer 28

Fishing Factory’s Farming Tourism

Question 29

What would you find in urban areas

Answer 29

Banking and finance High tech computing Media Tourism

Question 30

What’s the pros and cons of living in rural areas like Cornwall

Answer 30

Pros: quiet, community, nature, less pollution Cons: limited shops, lack of jobs, poor infrastructure, poor technology

Question 31

How do we reduce the gap between the rural and urban areas

Answer 31

Enterprise zones: governments offer companies help with start up costs, reduce taxes and are access to fast broadband Regional development: grants are available in the uk and are advice garnets to help start up businesses most are in periphery areas EU grants: these help the poorest regions which below 75% GDP of the EU average Improvements in transport: this focuses of linking cities together. There are less rail services and motorways in rural areas which is essential to attract businesses and companies

Question 32

What is net migration

Answer 32

The difference between number of people entering and leaving a country

Question 33

What’s the open-door policy

Answer 33

EU allows people within the EU to move around freely which has impacts on member countries such as Britain

Question 34

Case study : Holderness coast What’s the significance of its location

Answer 34

Rock type is soft (Boulder clay) Easily eroded and likely to slump when saturated Exposed to strong waves from the North Sea (fetch) Harder chalk rock at flambrough head

Question 35

Case study : Holderness coast What’s the physical factors at work

Answer 35

Costal erosion- strong waves breaking down the rock The fastest eroding coastline in Europe Mass movement- clay frequently slumps from the cliff after rainfall Transportation- strong waves move the eroded material away from the coastline

Question 36

Coastline : Holderness coast What’s the human processes at work

Answer 36

Hard engineering on some parts of the coast- rocks armour and grounes in the north in mappleton that have protected this area from erosion and cliff collapsing Hard engineering has prevented transportation making erosion worse in areas like the south of mappleton