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GEOGRAPHY!! > RIVER LANDSCAPES - UK > Flashcards

RIVER LANDSCAPES - UK Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a river drainage basin

A

The area drained by a river and its tributaries

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2
Q

What is river erosion

A

The wearing away of the land by river

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3
Q

What is river deposition

A

The depositing of material carried by the river

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4
Q

What is a watershed (river)

A

The area of high land surrounding the river drainage basin

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5
Q

What is the river source

A

Where the river begins high up in the mountains

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6
Q

What are tributaries

A

Small streams that feed into the main river

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7
Q

What is a river confluence

A

Where two or more tributaries meet together

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8
Q

What is a river channel

A

The main body of the river in which the water flows

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9
Q

What is the river mouth

A

Where are river ends as it meets the sea or a lake

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10
Q

Name features of the upper course of a river

A

Rapids
Large boulders
Interlocking spurs
Waterfalls
Fast flowing water
Vertical erosion
Tribute trees
Source of the river
Narrow V shaped Valley
Gorges

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11
Q

Name features of the middle course of the river

A

Large meanders
Wide floodplains
Oxbow lakes
Raised banks caused by flooding (levees)
River starts to meander
Deposition
Wider, less steep U-shaped valley
Lateral erosion

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12
Q

Name features of the lower course of the river

A

Very wide flat Valley
River at its lowest
Industry and ports are found here

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13
Q

How many processes of erosion are there

A

4

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14
Q

Name the 4 processes of erosion in a river

A

Hydraulic action
abrasion
Attrition
Solution

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15
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

The sheer force of the water hitting the banks and riverbed causes rocks to be gradually removed by the river

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16
Q

What is abrasion

A

The process by which the bed and banks are worn down by the rivers load
The river throws these particles against the bed and banks at high velocity

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17
Q

What is attrition

A

Material carried by the river (the load)
Bumping into each other and so are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles

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18
Q

What is solution (river erosion)

A

The chemical action of the river water
The acids in the water slowly dissolve the bed and the banks particularly limestone

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19
Q

What is discharge in a river

A

The amount of water in the river

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20
Q

How is a V shaped Valley formed

A

1) river is Eroded downwards as builders, stones and rock particles are bounced and scraped along the channel bed

2) As the river cuts down the steep sides are attacked by weathering. This breaks up and loosen the soil and rock

3) The Loose material slowly creeps down the slope because of gravity or is washed away by river water and the river carries it away

4) The end result is a steep Sided valley that has the shape of a V

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21
Q

How was the waterfall formed

A

1) A river flows over the hard rock layer which is on top of the soft rock

2) The plunge pool is created at the base of the water where the water flows after running off the hard rock

3) Because it is soft rock it is eroded more easily than the hard rock

4)As the plunge pool grows, it undercuts the hard rock leaving an overhang

5)The overhang of rock is unsupported and eventually becomes a week and falls into the plunge pool

6)This process is repeated

7)Over many years the waterfall begins to retreat as the soft rock keeps being eroded and hard rock keeps falling down

8). Due to the repeat of this process, a gorge is created - Very steep vertical valley


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22
Q

Give an example of a waterfall retreating and it’s gorge

A

Niagara Falls retreats 1 m per year
It’s gorge is 7.1 miles long

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23
Q

What is a rivers bedload

A

The material carried by river as it moves

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24
Q

Why does the bedload/material get smaller as and rounder downstream

A

Attrition

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25
Q

What is the rivers capacity

A

The maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course

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26
Q

What is the rivers competence

A

The biggest sized particle that a river can carry at a specific point

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27
Q

How many types of transportation do rivers use

A

Four

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28
Q

Name the four types of transportation of river uses

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

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29
Q

What is traction

A

The largest rocks in the river are rolled slowly along the bottom of the river

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30
Q

What is suspension (type of transportation)

A

The water carries smaller particles of material

31
Q

What is saltation (type of transportation

A

Smaller rocks are bounced along the river bed

32
Q

What is solution (type of transportation)

A

Material is dissolved within the water and carried along

33
Q

Why does deposition happen

A

When the water in the river channel no longer has sufficient energy to move into

34
Q

Where does deposition happen in rivers

A

Inner bend of meander
On the floodplains
At the river

35
Q

What is it called when the water in a river flows in a spiral / corcscrew motion?

A

Helicoidal Flow

36
Q

What is the fast pest flow of a river called?

A

The thalweg

37
Q

In a straight river where is the thalweg?

A

The middle

38
Q

What happens on the outside of a meander bend?

A

The water is moving fastest here meaning it has more energy and therefore erodes the river bank

39
Q

What happens to the inside of the meander bend?

A

The water flows the slowest meaning it has less energy and deposition occurs

40
Q

How is the river bank on the outside of the meander bend eroded? And what does it create?

A

Undercut by lateral erosion usual by hydraulic action, creating a river cliff

41
Q

What is the name given for the slope where the sand and shingles are deposited?

A

The slip off slope

42
Q

Definition of an oxbow lake

A

A horseshoe or semi circular area that represents the old course of a meander

43
Q

How was an oxbow lake formed

A

1) The meanders are formed naturally but get bigger because of the erosion of the riverbanks, caused by hydraulic action

2). (The narrowing of the neck of the meander)
As the fastest flow is on the outside of the meander, the outside of the band gets eroded quickly, the neck of the meander gradually becomes more eroded by hydraulic action this becomes very narrow and is separated only by a small piece of land!

3) (the neck of the meander is eroded through)
When water levels are high the river has enough energy to push through/straight across the small piece of land to make an easier course. Amy and a cut off it’s produced. The breaking through of the river often happens during times of flood particularly when the water is more powerful

4) (An oxbow lake is formed)
the small piece of land is eroded away or broken three and then the river starts off once again in a straight channel leaving the band isolated from the rest of the river. This is known as an oxbow lake
This link often dries up as it is no longer supplied with river water

44
Q

Where is the River Tees located

A

In the north-east of England
The source is high in the Pennine hills Near Crossfell
Flows east 137 km to reach the North Sea at Middlesbrough

45
Q

What is the name of the reservoir along the River Tees

A

Cow Green reservoir

46
Q

What river forms are found in the upper course of the River Tees

A

The sauce
Carol Green reservoir
High Force waterfall
Interlocking spurs

47
Q

What is the name of the waterfall along the River Tees

A

High Force waterfall

48
Q

What is significant about the village Yarm Along the River Tees

A

Yarm is built on the inside neck of the meander and it is clever because it meant that Yarm was used as an inland port because it was accessible for boats,
They knew it would never get eroded away because it was built on the inside bend where only deposition was taking place.

49
Q

How long is high Force Waterfall gorge

A

700 m

50
Q

What did Stockton-on-Tees do to be successful

A

They built a bridge stopping boats from getting to Yarm, Making them the port as they are close to the estuary of the river

51
Q

What is the estuary of the River Tees used for

A

Industry and chemical works are built along the history of the tees because it is easily accessed by boats without having to channelise the river

52
Q

What are the five key factors that lead to a high or low flood risk?

A

Infiltration
Permeable
Surface run-off
Interception
Impermeable

53
Q

What is infiltration (flood risks)

A

Water soaks into a permeable surface like a sponge

54
Q

What is surface run-off (flood risks)

A

Water flows over the impermeable surfaces as it cannot infiltrate

55
Q

What is interception (flood risks)

A

Water is caught on the leaves of vegetation
70% of rainwater is called by vegetation

56
Q

What is a permeable surface (flood risk)

A

Water can infiltrate a permeable surface
Reduces flood risk

57
Q

What is an impermeable surface (flood risk)

A

Water cannot infiltrate and impermeable surface e.g. concrete tarmac
Increases risk of flooding

58
Q

Does frozen ground create a high or low flood risk

A

High
As frozen ground becomes an impermeable surface so little/no infiltration and more surface run-off takes place

59
Q

Does saturated soil create a high or low flood risk

A

High
If the ground becomes too saturated due to lots of water it will not be able to infiltrate and therefore higher risk of flooding

60
Q

Do you cities and towns create a high or low risk of flooding

A

High
Lots of impermeable surfaces so little or no infiltration and lots of surface run-off into drains leading straight to rivers

61
Q

What a storm hydrographs

A

Following precipitation, there will be an increase in the level and discharge of the rain
This relationship between precipitation and discharge is shown by storm flood hydrograph

62
Q

What does the rising limb tell us on a typical storm/flood hydrograph

A

The effects of precipitation reaching the river

63
Q

What does a typical falling limb on a storm/flood hydrograph tell us

A

Some rainfall reaching the river but its decreasing amounts (the river returning to normal base flow)

64
Q

What does the lag time show us on a typical storm/flood hydrograph

A

The difference between the time of heaviest (peak) rainfall and the peak discharge

65
Q

What is the peak discharge on a storm/flood hydrograph

A

The maximum level/volume of water in the river

66
Q

If the hydrograph has a short lag time and a steep rising limb what does it tell us about the flood risk

A

There’s a greater flood risk

67
Q

If there is a lower flood risk what will a hydrograph look like for this flood

A

The lag time will be longer and the rising limb will increase gentler

68
Q

What is hard engineering

A

Using man-made structures to prevent or control natural processes from taking place

69
Q

Why would we use hard engineering strategies

A

To protect expensive property or land as it is usually a long-term solution and reliable however it is very expensive

70
Q

Name 5 flood prevention hard engineering solutions

A

Artificial concrete levees
Artificial levees of sandbags
Flood relief channels
Straightening rivers course
Dams and reservoirs

71
Q

Name 4 Soft engineering options for protecting against flooding

A

Afforestation = Planting belts of trees And vegetation

Floodplain zoning = Shows developers where they are allowed to build certain things to prevent industry and housing being built in floodplains are you at risk of being flooded

Flood warnings and preparation= Sending out warnings to people

River restoration= Removing hard engineering so it can go back to its natural channel

72
Q

Why do we use soft engineering

A

Does not involve building artificial structures and therefore has less effect on the environment

73
Q

What part of the river is Tewkesbury located at

A

The confluence of the river Avon and the river seven

74
Q

Has the flood management scheme in Tewkesbury been successful

A

No

GEOGRAPHY!! (6 decks)

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