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GEOGRAPHY!! > NATURAL HAZARDS > Flashcards

NATURAL HAZARDS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Extreme natural events that can cause loss to life , extreme damage to property and disrupt human activities

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2
Q

What are climate condition?

A

The usual type of weather that occurs in an area

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3
Q

What is tectonic activity?

A

Movements of the earth’s crust such as an earthquake or volcano

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4
Q

What is a tectonic hazard?

A

A hazard created when the earth’s crust moves

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5
Q

What is a climate hazard?

A

Hazards concerning the weather for example : heavy rainfall can lead to flooding

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6
Q

Name some tectonic hazards

A

Landslides
Volcano eruptions
Earthquakes
Tsunami
Avalanches

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7
Q

Name a few climate hazards

A

Flooding
Tornado
Tropical storms (Hurricane)
Drought

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8
Q

What is a natural disaster

A

A natural hazard that has actually happened

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9
Q

What is an extreme natural event?

A

Extreme events which do not pose a threat to human activity

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of natural hazards?

A

Geological
Meteororological

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11
Q

What is a geological hazard

A

Caused by land and tectonic processes

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12
Q

What is a meteorological hazard?

A

Caused by weather and climate

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13
Q

What are primary effects of natural disaster?

A

Immediate impacts

E.g:

Buildings and roads collapsing
People injured or killed
Crops damaged
Water supply affected
Electricity and pipe lines damaged

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14
Q

What are secondary effects of natural disasters?

A

Later impacts, as a result of the primary effects

E.g:

Earthquakes can trigger tsunamis
Aid can’t get through to help people due to blocked roads
Shortage of clean water
Food shortages
Unemployment

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15
Q

Name some immediate responses to natural disasters

A

Evacuate people
Treat and rescue injured
Recover dead bodies
Provide generators for temporary source of electricity
Provide food, drink and shelter
Charities may send aid workers, supplies or money donations

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16
Q

Name some long term responses

A

Repairing buildings, roads, houses, bridges, railways
Rehouse people
Reconnect Brocken electricity lines, water and gas
Improve evacuation plans
Improve building regulations

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17
Q

How many tectonic plates are there?

A

7

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18
Q

What does the crust float on

A

Mantle

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19
Q

Name two types of crust

A

Oceanic
Continental

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20
Q

Describe the mantle

A

Thick hot layer with the consistency of Jam
about 5000°C Near the coal
About 1300°C just below the cost
Lava

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21
Q

Describe the outer core

A

Liquid layer
Made of liquid iron

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22
Q

Describe the inner core

A

Solid layer
Made from iron
Temperature of 5500°C

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23
Q

How thick is oceanic crust

A

5 km thick

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24
Q

How thick is continental crust

A

35 to 75 km thick

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25
Q

Describe continental crust

A

older
Lighter
Permanent, cannot be destroyed

26
Q

Describe oceanic crust

A

Younger
Heavier
Constantly been destroyed and replaced

27
Q

How many houses were destroyed After the Nepal earthquake

A

500,000 homes destroyed

28
Q

When was the Nepal earthquake

A

25th of April 2015

29
Q

How long did the Nepal earthquake last

A

Two minutes

30
Q

How did the Nepal earthquake affect Everest

A

Huge avalanche, like an ice tsunami

31
Q

How did the Nepal earthquake affect long tang Valley

A

Landslides destroy everything, like a tsunami of rocks boulders and mud
Buildings flattened, villages are varied

32
Q

Why did the Nepal earthquake happen

A

Nepal is on the edge of a plate boundary
The plates got stuck
The pressure built up to 7 times as much force as a nuclear bomb,
When the plates slipped, it caused an earthquake


33
Q

Why do tectonic plates move

A

Convection currents in the mantle

34
Q

How does convection currents in the mantle work

A

The rising limb = heated rock rises as it is less dense
At the top = Semi molten rock spreads out and carries the above plate with it
Falling Limb = Cools and sinks back down to be reheated
The heat source =. The core is radioactive decay in it causes heat

35
Q

What do you get at destructive plate boundaries

A

Violent earthquakes
Violent volcanoes

36
Q

What do you get at collision Plate boundaries

A

Violent earthquakes
No volcanoes

37
Q

What do you get at constructive plate boundaries

A

Less violent earthquakes
Gentle volcanos

38
Q

What do you get at Conservative plate boundaries

A

Violent earthquakes
No volcanoes

39
Q

Describe a destructive plate Boundry

A

Oceanic crust meets continental crust, heavier oceanic crust sinks into mantle and is destroyed

40
Q

Describe a constructive plate boundary

A

Two oceanic plates move apart
A gap in the mantle is created and lava escapes creating new crust

41
Q

Describe collision plate boundaries

A

Two continental plates meet
Neither can sink and be destroyed, so they buckle upwards and form fold mountains

42
Q

Describe Conservative plate boundaries

A

Two plates slide past each other
They get stuck and pressure is built
When released this causes an earthquake

43
Q

What plate boundaries are volcanoes made

A

Destructive
Constructive

44
Q

What plate boundaries are earthquakes Caused

A

All
Destructive, collision and Conservative all have a violent earthquakes
Constructive have less less violent earthquakes

45
Q

What magnitude was the Nepal earthquake

A

7.8

46
Q

What type of plate boundary is Nepal on

A

Destructive

47
Q

How many people didn’t have access to clean water or sanitation after the Nepal earthquake

A

2 million people

48
Q

How many people died in an avalanche from Mount Everest caused by an earthquake from the Nepal

A

18

49
Q

What disease out broke due to lack of clean water caused by the netball earthquake

A

Typhus, killing at least 13 people

50
Q

What is the epicentre. Of an earthquake

A

The point on the earths surface directly above the focus, this is where the maximum damage is caused

51
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake

A

The start of the earthquake

52
Q

What is damage decrease ( earthquake)

A

Damage decreases with distance from the epicentre

53
Q

What are earthquake seismic waves

A

Spread outwards, the strength decreases with the distance from the focus, waves caused by earthquakes
Vibrations

54
Q

How do we measure earthquakes nowadays

A

Richter scale, a 12 point scale that describes the magnitude or power of an earthquake as measured by a seismometer
If a seismometer records levels of five and over, it is classed as an earthquake

55
Q

What is a seismometer

A

An instrument that responds to ground noises and shaking, caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and explosions

A suspended pen wobbles with the movement of the ground drawing a seismograph onto a piece of paper that’s revolving, if it’s an earthquake we will see mountain shaped lines

56
Q

What does a seismometer create

A

A seismograph

57
Q

What are the 3P’s That help people to live with earthquakes

A

Predict
Protect
Prepare

58
Q

How do we predict earthquakes

A

Observing animal behaviour
Observing seismographs – they pick up minor tremors before the main event
TiltMeter – checks for any movement in the rocks

59
Q

How do we protect against earthquakes in HICs

A

Steel frames which can sway
Automatic window shutters which prevent falling glass
Foundations sunk into bedrock, avoiding Clay
Rubber shock absorbers to absorb earth tremors
Birdcage interlocking steel frame around buildings

60
Q

How can we protect against earthquakes in LICs

A

Walls made of mud and straw pact between wooden slats
Lightweight thatched roof
Crossed brass wood or bamboo frame
Concrete ring ties the walls to the foundations
Simple steel rod foundations

61
Q

How can you Preoare for earthquakes?

A

Education, know what to look for
Plan evacuation routes
Emergency supplies
Practised drills

GEOGRAPHY!! (6 decks)

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