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Geography > River Fieldwork > Flashcards

River Fieldwork Flashcards

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1
Q

enquiry question/hypothesis

A

flood risk along the river wear increases downstream

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2
Q

location of river study area

A

bedburn beck
tributary of the river wear
in hamsterley forest
rural area

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3
Q

why is bedburn beck a suitable study location

A

it is easily accessible as could travel to and from in a school day
the river was shallow enough to investigate it safely

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4
Q

why was each chosen site appropriate

A

they were accessible by mini bus and had car parks close
far apart enough to show changes in channel and drainage basin characteristics

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5
Q

what were the limitations of the site

A

only investigated sites in the upper course on a tributary
so could not look at flood risk downstream in urban areas eg durham

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6
Q

what is secondary data

A

information someone else has previously collected and made available

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7
Q

what is GIS

A

geographical information systems
show spatial data by a map with flood risk layer on top

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8
Q

which secondary data sources were used to help investigation

A

land use map
geology map
os map for relief

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9
Q

geology at bedburn beck

A

sedimentary, sandstone and mudstone
permeable rocks so reduce flood risk

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10
Q

geology further upstream of study location

A

igneous rock in upper wear
impermeable to rainfall

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11
Q

why does flood risk increase downstream in durham city

A

higher population density so more valuable land at risk
urban area with impermeable tarmac so surface runoff
larger river channel

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12
Q

why is flood risk low in fieldwork location

A

steeper relief encourages runoff
rural settlements so lower value
coniferous forest intercepts rainfall reducing flood risk

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13
Q

what are the two types of error when collecting primary data

A

measurement errors
operator errors

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14
Q

what is a measurement error

A

mistakes made by using the equipment incorrectly

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15
Q

what is an operator error

A

caused by the person collecting the data eg bias

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16
Q

what do errors affect

A

the accuracy and reliability of data collected

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17
Q

what is accuracy

A

how precise the data is/close to the true value

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18
Q

what is reliability

A

how correct the data is/if you repeated how likely it is to be the same

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19
Q

conditions on the day of fieldwork

A

hot and dry day
june was warmer than average for the uk

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20
Q

method for width

A

stretched a tape measure from one bank to another, holding it taut above the water surface

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21
Q

method for depth

A

used a metre ruler to measure depth at 10 different points
divided the width of the river by 10 to use a systematic sample

22
Q

method for velocity

A

float method to measure river speed
placed 2 ranging poles 2 metres apart and timed ping pong ball

23
Q

reason for measuring width

A

calculate discharge as the wider the river the greater the discharge
where discharge is high flooding is likely

24
Q

evaluation of width measurements

A

sometimes the tape measure sagged in the middle lowering the accuracy of the width data

25
Q

reason for measuring depth

A

calculate discharge as the deeper the river the greater the discharge
where discharge is high flooding is more likely

26
Q

evaluation of depth measurements

A

metre ruler sank into mud on the riverbed reducing accuracy

27
Q

why velocity was measured

A

calculate the discharge as the faster the river the greater the discharge
where discharge is high flooding is more likely

28
Q

evaluation of velocity measuring

A

did 3 readings at each site and calculated an average to improve accuracy
sometimes the balls got stuck on banks so a flow meter would be more accurate

29
Q

how was gradient measured

A

distance of 2 metres using a tape measure and marked it using 2 ranging poles
used a clinometer to measure gradient in degrees

30
Q

why was gradient measured

A

the steeper the gradient pf the drainage basin the less infiltration so rainwater gets into the river quicker increasing flood risk

31
Q

evaluation of measuring gradient

A

never used a clinometer before so could have used incorrectly
sometimes ranging poles were tilted instead of vertical
reduced accuracy

32
Q

how did we do sediment survey

A

selected one rock next to each depth reading and measured its longest edge
used powers scale of roundness to categorise rocks into class 1-6

33
Q

why was sediment survey done

A

the smaller and rounder the sediment the more erosion taking place
where there is lots of erosion the river has more energy and is more likely to flood

34
Q

evaluation of sediment survey method

A

operator error because people were more likely to pick up larger rocks
disagreement about powers class
reduced accuracy

35
Q

how was drainage basin characteristics sketch done

A

observed river at each site and drew its main features
added annotations to describe the environment

36
Q

why was a field sketch of drainage basin characteristics done

A

land use shows the value of the land and the higher value the greater risk if its flooded
the vegetation cover shows how much interception will take place and more interception reduces flood risk

37
Q

evaluation of field sketch

A

allows to focus on specific features that are relevant to study
visual reminder when analysing results

38
Q

how can river cross sections show width and depth

A

distance from left bank of river in cm on x axis
depth in cm on y axis from 60 to 0

39
Q

how can sediment size be shown on maps

A

proportional symbols (big circles)

40
Q

how did width and depth change

A

river channel got deeper and wider

41
Q

how did sediment size change

A

decreased downstream

42
Q

how can gradient be presented

A

line graph
location : site 1,2,3,4 on x axis
gradient in degrees on y axis 0 to 10

43
Q

how did gradient change

A

decreased then stayed the same

44
Q

how can sediment shape be shown

A

bar chart
x axis with each section of powers scale of roundness
y axis with frequency
4 bars diff colours 1 for each site

45
Q

how did sediment shape change

A

got more rounded further downstream

46
Q

how do channel characteristics influence flood risk - discharge

A

discharge increased downstream as channel was wider and deeper
so flood risk increased as larger the vol of water the more likely the river will flood

47
Q

how do channel characteristics influence flood risk - sediment size

A

attrition si taking place if they get smaller so there is less friction in the channel so the river can flow more quickly

48
Q

how do drainage basin characteristics influence flood risk - geology

A

most of bedrock in the wear basin is sandstone mudstone and coal
they are permeable and allow water to percolate reducing surface runoff and flood risk

49
Q

how do drainage basin characteristics influence flood risk - gradient

A

decreased downstream reducing flood risk because infiltration and percolation take place faster on gentler slopes
steeper slopes mean more surface runoff

50
Q

examples of channel characteristics

A

discharge
sediment size

51
Q

examples of drainage basin characteristics

A

gradient
geology

Geography (13 decks)

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