Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
World Geography flashcards U.S. Geography flashcards
1
Q

where are the suns rays strongest

A

at the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is the temperature coldest

A

the furthest poles from the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the strength of the suns rays linked to

A

temperature
when they are more concentrated, the air temp is hotter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why does warm water flow from the equator to the poles

A

the cold dense water sinks which drags warm water up to fill the space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how have volcanic eruptions changed the earths climate

A

they produce ash and sulphur dioxide
if they rise enough they can stop sunlight reaching the earths surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do sunspots cause climate change

A

the more sunspots the warmer the earth is
more spots mean more solar energy is fired out from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how have miankovitch cycles caused climate change

A

the way the earth orbits the sun changes which changes the amount of sunlight the earth receives
changes every 100,000 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how have asteroid collisions caused climate change

A

they blast tonnes of ash and dust into the atmosphere which blocks sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do ice cores show long term climate change

A

air bubbles from the ice are measured for level of co2
the more co2 the hotter the climate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do tree rings show climate change

A

if a ring is more narrow the conditions were cold and dry
if a ring is wide it was warm and wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do greenhouse gases work

A

uV radiation from the sun enters the atmosphere
energy is absorbed by the earths surface . the earth warms and emits IR radiation
some heat passes into space
some is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases eg co2 and warms the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does burning fossil fuels affect the climate

A

releases co2 into the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does industry cause climate change

A

produces methane from waste into the atmosphere
co2 released from limestone and cement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does agriculture and farming increase climate change

A

meat produces methane
1/4 of greenhouse gases come from agriculture and food production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does deforestation cause climate change

A

trees reduce co2 emissions
trees burning release carbon
trees. being cut down stops them sequestering (absorbing and storing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

three examples of evidence of climate change

A

global temp rising 1 degrees since 1880
oceans are warmer - 0.3 degrees since 1969
sea levels rising - 21 cm rise in the last century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how have crop yields affected people

A

more drought
less food to eat and sell
decrease of land to grow wheat in india

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how have retreating glaciers affected people

A

stop water moving making the uK really cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how have rising sea levels affected people

A

32 islands have been flooded completely
people forced to leave their homes
large regions of low lying land threatened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how have extreme weather events affected people

A

storms and floods in the UK
areas such as kenya suffer drought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how has economic development in the arctic affected people

A

ice melting so ships can get through
people can enter the arctic more easily
trade and tourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are tropical cyclones

A

rotating low pressure systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what latitude does tropical cyclones form

A

8-20 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what sea temperature is needed for a tropical cyclone to form

A

26.5 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the first part of a tropical cyclone

A

warm surface water in tropical oceans evaporates .
the warm vapour cools and condenses to form cumulonimbus clouds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the second part of a tropical cyclone

A

low air pressure forms below the storm
more air rushes in
increases wind speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the third part of a tropical cyclone

A

the rising air currents and clouds spiral due to the coriolis effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the fourth part of tropical cyclones

A

some cold, dense air begins to sink into the centre of the storm forming a cloudless calm area called the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the fifth part of a tropical cyclone

A

the storm behind to track east to west
the pressure drops further
if wind speeds reach 74mph the storm becomes a tropical cyclone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the sixth part of a tropical cyclone

A

once the cyclone reaches land it loses its energy source
the air pressure rises, winds slow and it decays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the hazards of cyclones

A

high winds
intense rainfall
storm surges
coastal flooding
landslides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how is the magnitude of a tropical cyclone measured

A

saffir simpson scale which measures wind speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the gdp per capita of haiti

A

761

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the latitude of bangladesh

A

21 - 27 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how many live under the poverty line in bangladesh

A

21.8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the literacy rate of bangladesh

A

74%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how much of bangladesh is 10m or below above sea level

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how many people were killed by cyclone sidr

A

3447

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how many cyclone shelters does bangladesh have

A

3500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does vulnerable mean

A

a community at risk from a natural disaster
this could lead to loss of life and damage to infrastructure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how many people were made homeless in cyclone sidr

A

more than a million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how much did damages cost after cyclone sidr

A

2.3 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

how many people caught typhoid after cyclone sidr

A

10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how many livestock and poultry were killed during cyclone sidr

A

2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what was the weather forecasting in bangladesh

A

weather forecasts issued on tv and radios to increase evacuation and reduce deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how effective is weather forecasting in bangladesh

A

works well but lots of people have no tvs / radios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how does satellite technology work in bangladesh

A

digital images from space bought from chinese, us and japanese satellites
tracks cyclones so people know when they are coming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how effective is satellite technology in bangladesh

A

didn’t have a satellite at the time of cyclone sidr
will be easier and better now that the goverment has invested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are warning systems in bangladesh

A

warnings shown on campaigns , posters, leaflets, village meetings so people know what to do in the event of a cyclone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

how many cyclone volunteers are there in bangaldesh

A

45000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

how effective were warning systems in bangladesh

A

literacy rate is low so not many can understand warnings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are evacuation strategies in bangladesh

A

3500 concrete and brick cyclone shelters for people to stay in during strong winds and storm surges

53
Q

how effective are evacuation strategies in bangladesh

A

cyclone shelters double the survival rate but more are needed at the coast

54
Q

what are storm surge defences in bangladesh

A

embankments have been built that prevent a storm surge from inundating land

55
Q

how effective are storm surge defences in bangladesh

A

embankments protect some areas but not the whole length of the 400km coastline

56
Q

what is the latitude of the gulf coast

A

between 24 and 30

57
Q

what can temperatures reach in the gulf of mexico

A

28 degrees

58
Q

how many homes were destroyed in hurricane katrina

A

300,000

59
Q

what did damages cost in hurricane katrina

A

108 billion

60
Q

how many people died in hurricane katrina

A

1833, 1500 from new orleans

61
Q

how much oil spilled into the gulf of mexico

A

8 million gallons

62
Q

how much of new orleans flooded

A

80%

63
Q

how effective were weather forecasting and warning systems in the usa

A

everyone has access to media so received warnings
satellites are aging so some software is out of date

64
Q

how effective was satellite technology in the usa

A

20 satellites
sometimes the systems fail and don’t work

65
Q

how effective were evacuation strategies in the usa

A

evacuation systems in place
towns and cities in florida classified into risk zones
poor and elderly can be left behind

66
Q

how effective was storm surge defences in the usa

A

cities are protected with hard defences but aren’t properly maintained

67
Q

what layers of the earth are in the lithosphere

A

continental crust
oceanic crust

68
Q

what is the physical state of the lithosphere

A

solid

69
Q

what is the composition of the lithosphere

A

granite
basalt

70
Q

what is the air temp of the lithosphere

A

-1000 degrees

71
Q

what layers of the earth are in the mantle

A

upper mantle (asthenosphere )
lower mantle (mesosphere)

72
Q

what is the physical state of the upper mantle

A

partially molten

73
Q

physical state of the lower mantle

A

solid

74
Q

composition of the mantle

A

peridotite

75
Q

air temp of upper mantle

A

1000-1600 degrees

76
Q

air temp of lower mantle

A

1600-3700 degrees

77
Q

layers in the core

A

outer core
inner core

78
Q

physical state of outer core

A

liquid metal

79
Q

physical state of inner core

A

solid metal

80
Q

composition of the core

A

iron and nickel

81
Q

air temp of outer core

A

4400 degrees

82
Q

air temp of inner core

A

6000

83
Q

why does the core give out heat

A

radioactive decay

84
Q

why does magma move

A

heat from the core causes liquid of the outer core and molten rock to move

85
Q

why does hot magma rise

A

it is less dense and rises through the mantle

86
Q

what is the crust broken up into

A

tectonic plates

87
Q

what does the magma do as it reaches the crust

A

cools and sinks

88
Q

what happens at a convergent plate boundary (destructive)

A

oceanic and continental crust meet
oceanic crust subducts because it is denser
oceanic crust melts because there is increased heat in mantle caused by friction
the magma breaks through the continental crust because pressure builds in the mantle

89
Q

what happens at convergent collision boundaries

A

the oceanic and continental crust meet
the continental crust folds upwards because it is lighter

90
Q

what happens at divergent boundaries

A

the two plates move apart (usually oceanic)
where the plates move apart magma rises up in the fissures and causes shield volcanos
as magma rises between the two plates it cools and solidifies forming new oceanic crust
the new crust is less dense and is pushed up by convection currents in the mantle to form a mid ocean ridge

91
Q

what happens at a conservative plate boundary

A

two plates slide past each other
the plates get stuck because of friction
pressure builds up as the plates can’t move
the pressure is released and the plates jerk past each other
as the plates move they send out seismic waves causing an earthquake

92
Q

what are plumes

A

very hot columns of rock that rise through the mantle from the core

93
Q

why do volcanoes form in the middle of tectonic plates

A

large mantle plumes

94
Q

how is a hotspot formed

A

where the plume burns through the crust

95
Q

how do volcanoes form from plumes

A

a hot plume of magma rises through the mantle towards the crust
the hot plume burns through the crust
runny basalt liquid spreads across the sea floor
the lava from many eruptions builds up into a shield volcano
the plate moves carrying the shield volcano with it
a new shield volcano forms above the plume
the extinct volcanoes sink becoming seamounts

96
Q

what is the epicentre

A

the point on the ground surface directly above the focus where the greatest damage usually occurs

97
Q

why are the impacts of an earthquake greatest at the epicentre

A

it is directly above the point where the crust stops so there is the most violent shaking of the ground and seismic waves are most powerful

98
Q

what is the focus

A

the point where the sudden release of enormous stresses leads to the crust snapping and releasing energy as seismic waves

99
Q

what as haitis earthquake on the richter scale

A

7.0

100
Q

where did haitis earthquake occur (boundaries)

A

on a conservative plate boundary

101
Q

where was the epicentre of haitis earthquake

A

25km south west of the capital city Port au Prince

102
Q

how many died during the haiti earthquake

A

316000

103
Q

how many people were injured in the haiti earthquake

A

300,000

104
Q

how many hospitals collapsed in the haiti earthquake

A

8

105
Q

how many were left homeless after the haiti earthquake

A

1.5 million

106
Q

how many jobs were lost after the haiti earthquake

A

1 in 5

107
Q

how many people were killed by cholera after the haiti earthquake

A

just less than 9000

108
Q

what was the economic cost of the haiti earthquake

A

between 7 and 14 billion

109
Q

what was the short term relief of the haiti earthquake

A

the usa and dominican republic provided food , water, medical supplies and temp shelters
the UKs disaster emergency committee raised more than £100 million for emergency aid

110
Q

what was the long term planning for the haiti earthquake

A

aid workers reported that no one seemed to be in charge
lack of trained emergency services

111
Q

what was the preparation for the haiti earthquake like

A

few buildings were earthquake proofed
no regular evacuation drills were conducted although the UN conducted them with the schools it supported

112
Q

what was the prediction in Haiti like

A

none

113
Q

what boundaries do tsunamis form at

A

convergent boundaries

114
Q

why do tsunamis form at convergent boundaries

A

the oceanic plate pulls the continental plate downwards as it subducts

115
Q

how is seawater forced upwards into a wave

A

the continental crust rebounds causing an earthquake on the sea floor

116
Q

what happens when the wave reaches the coast

A

the sea floor becomes shallower and slows the front of the wave down

117
Q

how are very tall tsunami waves caused

A

the back of the wave keeps moving forcing water to pile up near the coast

118
Q

what did the japanese government implement before the tsunami

A

40% of coastline with sea walls up to 10m high

119
Q

what does the japanese meteorological society do

A

operates a network of 200 seismometers

120
Q

what dids the japanese red cross do

A

supplied 30,000 emergency relief kits and 14000 sleeping kits

121
Q

what did the military do in the japan tsunami

A

distributed the red cross aid and built temporary shelters

122
Q

what did the pacific tsunami warning centre do

A

warned the coastal communities to evacuate

123
Q

how many people died in the japanese earthquake

A

1500

124
Q

what did the japanese earthquake reach on the richter scale

A

9.0

125
Q

how many buildings in tokyo were damaged or collapsed

A

1000

126
Q

how many people died from the japan tsunami

A

19,500

127
Q

how many buildings destroyed from the japan tsunami

A

130,000

128
Q

how many buildings damaged from japan tsunami

A

1.2 million

129
Q

what was the total cost of damage from japan tsunami

A

300 billion

Geography (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions