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Geography > Challenges of an Urbanising World > Flashcards

Challenges of an Urbanising World Flashcards

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1
Q

what is urbanisation

A

a rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

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2
Q

what is rural to urban migration

A

people move into towns and cities from the countryside

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3
Q

why is natural increase a reason for the worlds urbanisation

A

birth rates are higher than death rates in developing and emerging countries but rate of natural increase in developed countries is low or even negative

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4
Q

what is a megacity

A

a city with a population of more than 10 million people

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5
Q

what is a primate city

A

a city that dominates the economic and political systems in the country

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6
Q

what is migration

A

the movement of people from one place to another

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7
Q

what is internal migration

A

movement of people from one part of a country to another

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8
Q

what is international migration

A

movement of people from one country to another country

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9
Q

what are socio economic processes

A

changes related to people , jobs , money or trade

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10
Q

what is a pull factor

A

something attractive about a new place

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11
Q

what is a push factor

A

something they dislike about the place they are living in

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12
Q

what was the deindustrialisation stage for detroit

A

their three major car manufacturers - ford , GM, chrysler closed down

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13
Q

what was the unemployment stage for detroit

A

25 percent of people in detroit became unemployed

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14
Q

what happened in the stage where people migrate to find work in detroit

A

crime and dereliction pushed people away

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15
Q

what was the population decline in detroit

A

a third of the population have left since the 1970s

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16
Q

steps in the cycle of decline

A

deindustrialisation
unemployment
people migrate to find work
population declines
smaller workforce

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17
Q

what are the pull factors for kampala (uganda )

A

jobs in growing businesses - newly opened steelworks- employs 2000 people
jobs in construction
better healthcare and education

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18
Q

push factors for kampala

A

difficult living conditions in rural areas

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19
Q

main type of migration in kampala

A

internal rural -urban

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20
Q

main time of migration in chongqing

A

internal migration rural -urban

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21
Q

main type of migration in london

A

international

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22
Q

pull factors for chongqing

A

schools ,hospitals , restaurants, shops
TNCs allowed into the country as of 2001 meant lots of job opportunity

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23
Q

push factors for chongqing

A

urbanisation led to loss of farmland

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24
Q

pull factor for london

A

employment - high payed service jobs
entertainment , culture, health , education
international transport networks

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25
Q

primary employment sector

A

the extraction of raw materials from the ground or sea

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26
Q

secondary employment sector

A

the manufacturing of goods using raw materials

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27
Q

tertiary job sector

A

the provision of a service

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28
Q

quaternary job sector

A

the provision of information and expert help

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29
Q

what kind of services are present in developing cities

A

informal services eg street vendors

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30
Q

what are formal jobs

A

jobs where people work for regular pay , have employment rights and pay taxes

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31
Q

what are informal jobs

A

unofficial work, often unskilled without regular pay and employment rights

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32
Q

what are features of informal work

A

no formal workplace
no set hours
many self employed workers

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33
Q

features of formal work

A

relatively safe working environment
offer sick /holiday pay
contracted hours
some workers protection

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34
Q

when did urbanisation occur

A

18th and 19th century

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35
Q

why did urbanisation occur

A

transport, water supply attracted workers to towns so more factories built

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36
Q

what is suburbanisation

A

people move from the city centre to the edge of the city

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37
Q

when did suburbanisation occur

A

20th century

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38
Q

why did suburbanisation happen

A

the cities became noisy, crowded and polluted

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39
Q

what is deindustrialisation

A

the industry of a city beginning to decline

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40
Q

when did deindustrialisation happen

A

1970s

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41
Q

why did deindustrialisation happen

A

technological change, lack of investment, competition from abroad

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42
Q

what is counter urbanisation

A

people moving from urban areas to rural areas

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43
Q

when did counter urbanisation happen

A

1970s and 1980s

44
Q

why did counter urbanisation happen

A

technology and transport means it is easy to work and live in rural areas so people move from the cities
telecommunications allowed working from home

45
Q

what is regeneration

A

run down inner city areas are redeveloped

46
Q

when did regeneration happen

A

1990s

47
Q

why did regeneration happen

A

older cities have built new flats, houses, leisure facilities to attract businesses and workers to become a city

48
Q

what is land use

A

the function of the land

49
Q

what is commercial land use

A

offices and shops

50
Q

what is industrial land use

A

factories and warehouses

51
Q

what is residential land use

A

housing

52
Q

what are the characteristics of the CBD

A

tallest, oldest buildings
major shops, department stores
cultural buildings
most expensive land

53
Q

main function of the CBD

A

commercial

54
Q

main function of inner city

A

industrial and residential

55
Q

characteristics of the inner city

A

18th 19th century housing
terraced housing
not a lot of green space
form a grid iron pattern
high rise flats

56
Q

main function of the suburbs

A

residential

57
Q

characteristics of the suburbs

A

environmental quality increases
schools
large semi detached houses
highest population
car ownership
rows of shops
low rise buildings
high house prices

58
Q

main function of the rural urban fringe

A

mixed

59
Q

characteristics of the rural urban fringe

A

motorways
out of town shopping centres
golf courses
airports
retail parks
large supermarkets

60
Q

land zones on the burgess model

A

CBD
inner city
suburbs
rural urban fringe

61
Q

what did mumbai used to be

A

a tiny fishing port

62
Q

what was built in mumbai in the 19th century

A

a railway to bring cotton to the rest of india

63
Q

what was built in mumbai in the late 19th/early 20th century

A

factories to manufacture cotton into textiles for export

64
Q

what happened in mumbai by the late 20th century

A

textiles exports declined but banking sector grew
became financial capital

65
Q

which kind of companies moved to mumbai

A

indian companies in engineering and IT moved their HQs there

66
Q

what is site

A

the actual location of the settlement on the earth

67
Q

what is situation

A

the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places

68
Q

what is connectivity

A

how well a place is connected to other economic locations

69
Q

how many commutes do mumbais railways carry a day

A

7.5 million

70
Q

where in india is mumbai

A

the west coast

71
Q

what are the benefits of mumbai being on the west coast of india

A

ships can travel quickly to mumbai to the middle east and europe via the suez canal

72
Q

what are push factors for mumbai

A

farming jobs pay very little and new technology means fewer jobs are available
few services in rural india

73
Q

pull factors for mumbai

A

wages are higher - average income in maharastra is nearly double the indian average
huge range pf jobs
good education opportunities
entertainment services

74
Q

how many universities are in mumbai

A

12

75
Q

how much has mumbais population increase over the past 100 years

A

by more than 12 times

76
Q

how many people live in mumbai

A

16 million

77
Q

where are the outer suburbs in mumbai

A

along the railway lines to commute to the CBD

78
Q

what do the inner suburbs in mumbai contain

A

chauls and older slums

79
Q

what is in the CBD of mumbai

A

company HQs
wealthy people
new apartments

80
Q

what has been redeveloped near the CBD

A

old textile mills - expensive to buy

81
Q

when was new mumbai built

A

1970

82
Q

what is the purpose of new mumbai

A

to reduce congestion on the peninsula

83
Q

what is quality of life

A

the degree of wellbeing felt by an individual or group of people in a particular area

84
Q

what factors cause inequality in mumbai

A

housing
employment
future prospects

85
Q

traffic congestion in mumbai

A

roads gridlocked
8 million travel by rail
90% travel by rail
1.8 million cars

86
Q

limited service provision in mumbai

A

government can’t afford to build new infrastructure to keep up with population
unable to provide healthcare and schooling

87
Q

poor employment conditions in mumbai

A

some dangerous working conditions
majority of jobs informal
no protection for workers

88
Q

inadequate waste disposal in mumbai

A

800 million tonnes of untreated sewage dumped in rivers
rapid population growth
small businesses renew or dispose of waste

89
Q

inadequate water supply in mumbai

A

water is rationed in the slums
1 mil only acces the pipes at 5.30 am for 2 hours

90
Q

development of slum settlements in mumbai

A

chauls and squatter settlements
50% of squatter settlements are built on private land
informal settlements

91
Q

housing shortages in mumbai

A

lack of housing
raises rent
rent is amongst highest in the world
high population congestion

92
Q

aims of vision mumbai

A

demolish slums and provide cheap housing
improve water sanitation and healthcare
improve rail, bus and road transport
boost economic growth

93
Q

what kind of strategy was vision mumbai

A

top down

94
Q

advantages of vision mumbai

A

water and sewage systems improved
new flats
72 new trains on their railways and platforms raised
air quality improved
land for development

95
Q

disadvantages of vision mumbai

A

apartment blocks split up communities
rent more expensive than in the slums
small workshops out of business
mumbai growing too fast
very expensive - benefit the rich more than the poor

96
Q

what kind of strategy was the gorai garbage site project

A

top down

97
Q

what was the gorai garbage site like in 2007

A

27 metres deep of waste
emitting unpleasant methane

98
Q

what changes were made to the gorai garbage site

A

waste reshaped into a gentle hill with layers of lining to prevent leaking
methane capturing technology installed

99
Q

advantage of the gorai garbage site closer project

A

fresh air
improved local residents lives

100
Q

disadvantages of the gorai garbage site closure project

A

property prices increased

101
Q

why was the monorail chosen to be built in mumbai

A

where buses were the only transport available they caused congested roads and travelled slowly
allowed less traffic and move faster

102
Q

advantages of mumbai monorail

A

tickets are cheap
doesn’t take up road space

103
Q

disadvantages of mumbais monorail

A

route goes through industrial sectors only
mostly only tourists use the monorail

104
Q

what are bottom up strategies

A

where NGOs work with residents to come up with community based solutions to quality of life challenges

105
Q

what is the overall pattern in bottom up projects

A

community led
small scale
require little capital
they focus on one specific challenge

Geography (13 decks)

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