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FINALS - Periodontology > Risk Factors > Flashcards

Risk Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Acquired Local Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease

A

Plaque, Calculus, Overhanging and Poorly contoured restorations and Prosthetic crowns, Orthodontic appliances and Occlusal trauma

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2
Q

Name some Anatomical Local Risk Factors of Periodontal disease

A

Malpositioned teeth, Root grooves, Concavities and furcations, Enamel pearls

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3
Q

Name some non-modifiable Systemic risk factors of periodontal disease

A

Aging, Genetic factors, Gender(Males more susceptible), Genetic disorders (Down syndrome, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome)

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4
Q

Name some Modifiable Systemic Risk Factors of Periodontal disease

A

Smoking, Poorly controlled diabetes, HIV, Leukaemia, Osetopenia, Osteoporosis, Stress, Medications, Hormonal status, Poor nutrition, Socioeconomic status

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5
Q

Definition of Periodontal disease

A

A group of diseases affecting the periodontal tissues, representing an immune reaction (innate and adaptive) to adjacent microbial plaque. It is a multifactorial condition with complex etiopathogenesis.

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6
Q

Definition of Gingivitis

A

Common and mild form of periodontal disease that causes irritation, redness and inflammation of your gingiva. Does not always progress to periodontitis

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7
Q

Definition of Periodontitis

A

Inflammation of the periodontal tissues, causing shrinking of gums and loosening of teeth. May progress at different rates at different sites in the mouth and in different people

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8
Q

Definition of Periodontal Health

A

Outcome of the balance between bacteria of the dental plaque and the host immune system

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9
Q

What are genetic conditions associated with the impairment of immune system which can lead to Periodontal disease

A

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, Chediak-Higashi synrdrome, LAS syndrome (Lance-Adams), Down’s syndrome, Chronic granulomatous disease

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10
Q

What are some disease that lead to impairment of immune system which can lead to periodontal disease?

A

Leukaemia, Agranulocytosis, Neutropenia, HIV infection

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11
Q

Definition of Risk Factor

A

Something that increases a person’s chances of developing a disease

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12
Q

Why is Smoking a risk factor for Periodontal disease?

A
  • Has an effect on oral microbiota- Increase activation of the immune system- Decreased healing capacity due to reduced blood flow
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13
Q

How does obesity have an affect on periodontal health?

A
  • Adipocytes secrete adipokines- Examples are leptin, Adiponectin and resistin- Have a proinflammatory effect and can lead to periodontal disease
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14
Q

What does a lack of nutrients do to the immune system?

A

Decrease function of immune system

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15
Q

What drugs can be a risk factor for periodontal disease?

A
  • Anticonvulsant (Phenytoin)- Immunosupresants (Cyclosporin) e.g. transplant patients- Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, amlodipine)
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16
Q

How can some drugs affect periodontal health?

A
  • Interaction between the drug and host fibroblasts- Result in increased deposition of connective tissue supporting a hyperproliferative (abnormally high rate of proliferation of cells by rapid division) epithelium
17
Q

What is gingival enlargement hyperplasia?

A
  • Abnormal overgrowth of gingival tissues- Caused by more fibroblasts
18
Q

What is gingival swelling?

A
  • Redness and inflammation of gingiva- More intercellular fluid increased permeability of the vessels (caused by some drugs)
19
Q

What is Chronic granulomatous disease?

A
  • Abnormal leucocyte intracellular killing
20
Q

How does HIV affect periodontal tissues?

A
  • Increased risk of necrotising conditions- No evidence of increased progression of periodontisis
21
Q

How does Blood dyscrasias e.g. Neutropenia, Agranulocytosis and Leukaemia affect periodontal tissues?

A
  • Reduced numbers/functions of neutrophils and macrophages- Increases risk of NUG (Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis) and progressive periodontitis
22
Q

How does pregnancy affect periodontal tissue?

A
  • Increased risk of gingival inflammation (pregnancy gingivitis)
23
Q

How does Osteoporosis and Osteopenia affect periodontal health?

A
  • Low bone mineral density in maxilla and mandible as a result of osteoporosis - Accelerates alveolar bone resorption in periodontal infection
24
Q

How does Psychological stress affect periodontal health?

A
  • In response to stressful events the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is stimulated- Leads to increased production and secretion of cortisol- Cortisol can stimulate the immune system- ANS is also stimulated leading to secretion of catecholamine and substance P which regulates immume/inflammatory response and affect bacterial adherence and growth
25
Q

What are the Long term clinical complications of Hypertension?

A
  • Heart failure- Renal failure- Dementia/stroke- Vascular diseaseHypertension is main mortality reason among world population
26
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • Inflammation of the vessels wall- Clogged with fatty substances called atheroma
27
Q

What is preeclampsia?

A
  • Condition that causes high blood pressure during pregnancy and after labour- Can be serious if not treated
28
Q

How does untreated periodontitis affect Diabetes Mellitus patients?

A
  • Lead to circulating bacteria and bacterial antigens- Lead to elevated circulating levels IL-6, TNF-alpha, CRP, oxygen radicals- Both lead to systemic inflammatory state impaired insulin signalling and resistance- Lead to elevated HbA1c levels and exacerbation of diabetes- Increased diabetes complication
29
Q

How does ongoing periodontal treatment affect Diabetes Mellitus patients?

A
  • Reduced circulating bacteria and antigens- Reduced circulating TNF-alpah and CRP (C-reactive protein)- Reduction in systemic inflammatory state improvement in insulin signalling and resistance- Reduction in HbA1c and improved diabetes control- Less diabetes complications

FINALS - Periodontology (16 decks)

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