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Italian History > Rise To Power > Flashcards

Rise To Power Flashcards

0
Q

Which liberal politician was PM four times and for all but three years between 1903 and 1914?

A

Giovanni Giolitti

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1
Q

In what year did Rome become the capital of a fully unified Italian state?

A

1870

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2
Q

What treaty ended WWI for Italy?

A

St Germain or Paris Peace Conference

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3
Q

What two word phrase indicates the feeling Italy was cheated out of the gains it should have had from the treaty?

A

Mutilated Victory/Peace

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4
Q

To what party did Mussolini originally belong?

A

Socialists

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5
Q

What was the name of the newspaper that Mussolini edited while a member of the socialist party?

A

Avanti

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6
Q

Over what issue did Mussolini leave the Socialists?

A

WWI

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7
Q

What was the name of the newspaper Mussolini set up after leaving the Socialist party?

A

Il Popolo d’Italia

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8
Q

What was the name of the nationalist poet and general who seized a city in Yugoslavia and claimed it for Italy and what was the name of the city?

A

D’Annunzio

Fiume

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9
Q

In what year did Mussolini establish the Fascist movement?

A

1919

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10
Q

What was the name of Mussolini’s black shirted paramilitary group?

A

Squadristi or Squads

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11
Q

What was the Ethiopian title used I describe the leaders of the paramilitary groups?

A

Ras

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12
Q

In what year was Mussolini elected as an MP with Fascism greeting it’s first deputies as part of a deal with the Liberals?

A

1921

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13
Q

What phrase did the Fascists use to describe their coming to power in 1922?

A

The March on Rome

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14
Q

Who was PM at the time of the Fascist rising?

A

Facta

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15
Q

What crucial decision did the King make that helped the Fascists come to power?

A

Refused to sign decree for martial law

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16
Q

How many armed men did Mussolini claim to take part in the march on Rome?

A

300,000

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17
Q

How many men actually took part in the march on Rome?

A

Less than 30,000

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18
Q

Difference between fascist programmes in 1919 and 1921

A 
1919 quite left wing because they would do a lot for the workers e.g. Maximum of 8 hours a day and guaranteed minimum wage. Also more freedom, workers would have say in how industry was managed.
1921 more right wing because they would privatised businesses and less fair to working class e.g. 8 hours maximum day for everyone apart from agricultural and industrial workers. Favoured upper class.
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19
Q

Italy’s involvement in WW1

A

Joined Britain and France because they promised land in Dalmatia if Austria-Hungary and Germany lost.
Joined in May 1915

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20
Q

Effects of WW1 for Italy

A 
650K killed 
More than 1M injured
Inflation 
Huge debt (85B Lire in 1918)
Gained less land than hoped for and were promised
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21
Q

When did Mussolini set up the Fascist Group (not party)?

A

23rd March 1919

22
Q

What was Fascism’s attitude to Socialism?

A

Early victories caused by use of fear of socialism
Seen as defenders of country from socialism
Opposition to it appealed to middle classes
Started off quite socialist

23
Q

What was Fascism’s attitude to the Socialist Party?

A

Physically attacked them

Hated them from start

24
Q

Why was Fascists treatment of Socialists so important?

A

Groups attacked by socialists pleased that they weakened them (more support)
Deal with them better than gov so they seemed stronger
Socialists didn’t seize power because of Fascist attacks

25
Q

Examples of Fascist violence

A

Destroying socialist offices (e.g. Avanti)
Force fed people oil
Beat people with sticks

26
Q

How did use of violence make Fascism more popular?

A

Police and army liked it because they gave law and order and stopped socialists

27
Q

What was Mussolini’s attitude towards Fascist violence?

A 
Didn't want to be associated with it so he could seem respectful and could cooperate with upper class
Supported it secretly when it was effective
28
Q

Who were the Squadristi?

A

Para military group
Organised
Had weapons
Wore black shirts

29
Q

Who were the Ras?

A

Leaders of the Squadristi

Balbo, Grandi and Farinacci

30
Q

What was the Pact of Pacification?

A

Peace treaty between Mussolini and Socialists
Didn’t want to be seen as violent
Was trying to please elites

31
Q

How did the Ras react to the Pact of Pacification and what did it show?

A

They didn’t like the pact and threatened to get another leader
So pact was undone
Showed that Mussolini was pushed around by them and he wasn’t as powerful as he seemed

32
Q

What would have worried the Elites about Fascism?

A

They didn’t want disorder and violence

33
Q

What did Mussolini do in order to appeal to the Elites?

A 
Attacked socialists and stopped strikes
Changed policies to reassure them
Became official party
Mussolini talked about controlling violence and distanced himself from some of it
Elites started funding Fascism
34
Q

Mussolini working with Liberals

A

1921
Got Fascists a foothold in power
Once in power, rejected deal with them
Also seemed more respectful because he could work with elites

35
Q

What percentage of the vote did the Fascist Party get in 1919?

A

2%

36
Q

Why did Fascism take off in rural areas?

A

Socialist threat to landowners

37
Q

What people saw March on Rome as compared to reality

A

Thousands of blackshirts seizing power in Rome by force and overthrowing the old political system.
In reality it was badly organised and not a seizure of power at all.

38
Q

When did the March on Rome take place?

A

28th October 1922

39
Q

How was the March on Rome organised?

A

Four columns of Squadristi would start from different places and march towards Rome.

40
Q

What would happen if the government have orders for the army to crush the Fascists?

A

It was certain that the marchers would be crushed because there were less than 30,000 of them.
However Mussolini was certain this wouldn’t happen.

41
Q

How was the march unorganised?

A

Many marchers were stopped at police checkpoints

Because of this and other reasons, most marchers arrived late.

42
Q

When did Facta (PM) declare martial law and what happened?

A

28th October 1922 (same day as March)
King had to sign decree, bringing in state of emergency
He initially agreed but later refused to sign it

43
Q

Results of March on Rome

A

Mussolini was offered a share in government with Salandra
He refused the offer, demanded full power
King appointed Mussolini as PM

44
Q

When did the King appoint Mussolini as PM?

A

30th October 1922

45
Q

How was the March on Rome a bluff and not actually fascists seizing power?

A

Mussolini was appointed as PM legally, the same way as everyone else
Said to be 300,000 men, in reality there was less than 30,000
Didn’t need to actually use violence, threat of it was enough because the gov was already weak and disorganised.

46
Q

How did Mussolini’s reluctance about the March on Rome help him to become PM?

A

He was clever about being reluctant because the King didn’t think he was fully involved in violence so he seemed respectable and someone who could be PM.
He may have been worried about it failing though.

47
Q

Evidence to suggest Mussolini was reluctant about March

A

Balbo said to him : ‘We’re going, either with or without you, make up your mind.
(This could also suggest it wasn’t Mussolini’s idea)

48
Q

Why did Mussolini being in Milan during the March on Rome help him become PM?

A

Distanced himself from it

So he could cooperate with King

49
Q

What does Mussolini being in Milan during the March also suggest?

A

Worried it would fail
Wasn’t really his idea
Didn’t have control of it

50
Q

How else did Mussolini’s actions help him become PM?

A

Made March seem like threat in speeches - so people felt threatened and didn’t try to stop Fascists. King also felt forced to appoint him.
Rejected offers of just being minister - put pressure on King

51
Q

How did the King play an important role in Mussolini’s appointment as PM?

A

Didn’t impose martial law

52
Q

Why did the King choose not to impose martial law?

A

He was worried that his cousin, the Duke of Aosta would be made King if he made the wrong decision because he was a fascist supporter.
Didn’t trust the army
Wanted to avoid civil war

53
Q

Evidence to suggest the army weren’t loyal

A

Marshall Diaz (military advisor) said to King : ‘your army will do its duty. However it would be well not to put it to the test’

Italian History (5 decks)

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