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Italian History > A Nation Of Fascists? > Flashcards

A Nation Of Fascists? Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the name of the ONB’s marching song?

A

Giovinezza (youth)

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1
Q

What was the name of the Fascist Youth Movement?

A

ONB or Balilla

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2
Q

What was the name of the rival youth organisation run by the Church?

A

Catholic Action (Azione Cattolica)

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3
Q

Who was the minister for Education?

A

Giovanni Gentile

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4
Q

What was the name of the compulsory government textbook in schools?

A

Libro Unico

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5
Q

What was the name of the Olympic style competition for young people?

A

Littoriali Games

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6
Q

What sporting achievement did Fascism celebrate in 1934 and 1938, it’s sportsmen wearing blackshirts?

A

Won the World Cup

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7
Q

What was Fascism’s big policy to raise the birth rate called?

A

The Battle for Births

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8
Q

Italy’s population in 1927 was 42 million - what did M want it to be by 1950?

A

60 million

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9
Q

What happened to unmarried men under the Battle for Births?

A

Paid more tax

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10
Q

What was the name of the organisation set up to direct women’s policy?

A

ONMI (National Organisation for Maternity and Infants)

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11
Q

What was the name of the state organisation that controlled cinema?

A

LUCE

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12
Q

What % of space on public buildings had to be used for propaganda?

A

2%

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13
Q

What slogan summed up the cult of personality?

A

‘Mussolini is always right’

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14
Q

What was the name given to M’s radical policies about how Italians greeted each other?

A

The Reform of Customs

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15
Q

What unpopular policies were introduced in the late 1930s as part of radicalisation?

A

Anti-Semitic policies

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16
Q

What was the name of the non-Fascist police chief, in role from 1926-1940?

A

Bocchini

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17
Q

Who eventually removed M from power?

A

Grand Council of Fascism and the King

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18
Q

What message was given with the propaganda for art, architecture and culture?

A

Italy had its own culture and wasn’t influenced by other countries (cultural autarky)
Promoted Mussolini as great leader
Stability, power, strength

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19
Q

How was art, architecture and culture controlled?

A

Musicians had to join Fascist Union of musicians and were encouraged to reject foreign influences
Every public building had to have at least 2% of it covered in fascist art
Modern fascist buildings built
New towns built

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20
Q

How effective was the control of art, architecture and culture?

A

Not very - still quite a lot of freedom

Didn’t really need to be controlled

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21
Q

Example of culture propaganda

A 
Il Duce poem by Bot
Duce x40 (eg Duce Duce Duce Duce...)
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22
Q

Was message was given with propaganda for mass media and mass activities?

A 
Trust Mussolini 
BM more than human (cult of personality)
Italians must do duty and serve country 
Nation of soldiers 
Italy is great
Importance of family
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23
Q

What was LUCE?

A

Set up in 1925
Made fascist documentaries shown before films
L’Unione Cinematografica Educativa

24
Q

What was minculpop?

A

Ministry of popular culture
1930
Censored Italian and imported films

25
Q

How else were films controlled?

A

Film makers funded by gov and some films had Fascist messages

26
Q

How was radio controlled?

A

Radio network was state run
Live coverage of Mussolini’s speeches
Given to illiterate south who didn’t read newspapers

27
Q

How were newspaper controlled?

A

1923 - prefects made responsible got them
Major newspapers were brought up by Fascist sympathisers
Popular journalists were kept in jobs but told what to write

28
Q

Use of propaganda in sport

A

Participation was encouraged
Littoriali games set up - highlighted superiority of fascism, seemed modern and progressive
Golden M pin awarded to those who took part in L games
Italy won World Cup - footballers wore black

29
Q

How effective was the control of cinema?

A 
Loose control (deliberate because of small audience)
Hollywood films more popular than fascist
30
Q

How effective was control of radio?

A

Not very - majority of Italians didn’t have them

31
Q

Message of propaganda directed at schools

A

Children had to be aware of duties as fascists
Teachers had to be ‘training, hard working, upright citizens, devoted to the country and to the Fascist regime’
Children indoctrinated to be : obedient, prepared for war, thankful for ‘Fascist Saviours’

32
Q

How were schools controlled?

A

One textbook - Libro Unico (1928)
101/317 history textbooks banned
1935 - military education taught
1936 - lessons about fascist culture
Had to conjugate verbs : believe, obey, fight
All students issued with notebook with Mussolini’s face on it

33
Q

How were teachers controlled?

A

Non-fascists could be dismissed
1929 - took oath of loyalty
1931 - Fascist Teachers Association set up
1933 - all new teachers had to be fascist

34
Q

How were universities controlled?

A

Professors took oath 1931-2
New profs after 1933 had to be party members
However, generally left alone as long as they did nothing anti-fascist

35
Q

How controlled were schools?

A

Teachers not committed despite oath
11/1250 refused loyalty, others signed with fingers crossed
By late 30s most teenagers were already fascist because they had been indoctrinated early on

36
Q

What messages were given with youth groups?

A

Complete control over all youth

37
Q

What was the Balilla (ONB)?

A

1927

Fascist youth groups

38
Q

How did the ONB control youth?

A

All members had to proclaim loyalty oaths
Provided sport and leisure activities that attracted members and spread message
Propaganda lectures and rallies
Physical activities with focus on military drill
1937 - under full party control and introduced compulsory membership

39
Q

Evidence to suggest ONB was effective

A

1929 - 60% of youths members
Groups tied in with schools - greater membership success with male, middle class youth
Children got a lot of exposure to fascist ideas

40
Q

Evidence that ONB wasn’t very effective

A

Membership lower in south
Catholicism limited spread of youth groups
Rebellious teens didn’t join because they disliked fascist ideology
Many youths unhappy with German alliance and war in general

41
Q

What messages were women given?

A

Ideal woman : humble housewife and mother
Traditional values
Large families

42
Q

How were girls controlled in education?

A

Discouraged from entering higher education

43
Q

How were women controlled in the workforce?

A

Excluded from teaching higher level subjects and in prestige secondary schools
State railways sacked all women appointed since 1933
10% of workforce was women

44
Q

Women and politics

A

Mobility of women in politics was frowned upon
Organisations established for women (eg Fasci Femminili) didn’t focus on political activities but grew extra food for campaign and attended meetings to discuss politics

45
Q

How effective was the control of women?

A

Not much impact on workforce - women made up 44% of agricultural workers and 35% of industrial workforce
1/3 of women were paid in employment
Birthrate went up due to battle for births but not as much as hoped

46
Q

What did the Battle for Births do?

A 
1927
Promote higher birthrate
Bachelor tax imposed on unmarried men 
Speeches praising motherhood by BM
National day of mother and child 
Militia had to salute pregnant women when they saw them
47
Q

What were Mussolini’s overall aims?

A 
Create a strong Italy 
Make a nation of fascists 
Get elites on his side 
Eliminate opposition 
Nation of warriors 
Create cult of personality
48
Q

What did the OND stand for?

A

Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro

49
Q

What did the OND do?

A 
1925
Provided new leisure facilities 
State-sponsored afterwork entertainment 
Gave financial assistance
Social activities, cheaper holidays, sport and welfare 
Mobile cinemas and music clubs
50
Q

Why was the OND created?

A 
Improve health
Gain support
Make lives more enjoyable 
More control over people (eg in rural areas where they weren't influenced by media)
Provide compensation for low pay
Give image of caring employers 
Keep people away from TUs 
Make up for economic failure
51
Q

Why were trade unions seen as bad?

A

They could strike

Linked to socialism

52
Q

How effective was the OND?

A

Helped win support for regime but people still didn’t absorb ideology
Successful - 3.8 M members in 1939, reflects genuine interest because it wasn’t compulsory
Carried on under different name after regime
Didn’t indoctrinate people or make them fascist (didn’t aim to do so)

53
Q

What was the reform of customs?

A

1938
Mussolini tried to abolish the use of the friendly form of ‘you’ (‘lei’) and instead people would use ‘voi’, they polite form
Abolished the use of handshakes so that people saluted instead

54
Q

Why did Mussolini introduce the Reform of Customs?

A

Thought it would make Italians work harder, fight better and have more children
Make better Italians - prepare for war because he thought it would make them more formal and less sympathetic

55
Q

Was the Reform of Customs effective?

A

No one really did it and those who did didn’t really want to - superficial
Mussolini thought that those who didn’t do it were pacifist, complacent and materialistic

56
Q

Anti-Semitism in Italy

A

Very little anti-Semitism in Italy and fascist party
1% of population were Jews
For 16 years, Jews received the same treatment from the gov as anyone else

57
Q

How did Mussolini’s attitude to Jews change?

A

1938
Introduced racist decrees that discriminated against them
They were banned from mixed marriages, not allowed in state service jobs (eg civil service, schools, military)
Not allowed in state schools

58
Q

Why did Mussolini introduce anti-Semitic policies?

A

Wanted to emulate Hitler to strengthen Rome-Berlin axis
Developed racist feelings during Abyssinian campaign (several Jews prominent in campaign for sanctions against Italy)
Some opposition groups - Rosselli Brothers, were Jewish
Greater attempt to create a new fascist man
Internal pressure from Fascist radicals like Farinacci

Italian History (5 decks)

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