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A Nation Of Fascists? Flashcards

0
Q

What was the name of the ONB’s marching song?

A

Giovinezza (youth)

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1
Q

What was the name of the Fascist Youth Movement?

A

ONB or Balilla

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2
Q

What was the name of the rival youth organisation run by the Church?

A

Catholic Action (Azione Cattolica)

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3
Q

Who was the minister for Education?

A

Giovanni Gentile

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4
Q

What was the name of the compulsory government textbook in schools?

A

Libro Unico

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5
Q

What was the name of the Olympic style competition for young people?

A

Littoriali Games

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6
Q

What sporting achievement did Fascism celebrate in 1934 and 1938, it’s sportsmen wearing blackshirts?

A

Won the World Cup

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7
Q

What was Fascism’s big policy to raise the birth rate called?

A

The Battle for Births

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8
Q

Italy’s population in 1927 was 42 million - what did M want it to be by 1950?

A

60 million

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9
Q

What happened to unmarried men under the Battle for Births?

A

Paid more tax

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10
Q

What was the name of the organisation set up to direct women’s policy?

A

ONMI (National Organisation for Maternity and Infants)

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11
Q

What was the name of the state organisation that controlled cinema?

A

LUCE

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12
Q

What % of space on public buildings had to be used for propaganda?

A

2%

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13
Q

What slogan summed up the cult of personality?

A

‘Mussolini is always right’

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14
Q

What was the name given to M’s radical policies about how Italians greeted each other?

A

The Reform of Customs

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15
Q

What unpopular policies were introduced in the late 1930s as part of radicalisation?

A

Anti-Semitic policies

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16
Q

What was the name of the non-Fascist police chief, in role from 1926-1940?

A

Bocchini

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17
Q

Who eventually removed M from power?

A

Grand Council of Fascism and the King

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18
Q

What message was given with the propaganda for art, architecture and culture?

A

Italy had its own culture and wasn’t influenced by other countries (cultural autarky)
Promoted Mussolini as great leader
Stability, power, strength

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19
Q

How was art, architecture and culture controlled?

A

Musicians had to join Fascist Union of musicians and were encouraged to reject foreign influences
Every public building had to have at least 2% of it covered in fascist art
Modern fascist buildings built
New towns built

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20
Q

How effective was the control of art, architecture and culture?

A

Not very - still quite a lot of freedom

Didn’t really need to be controlled

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21
Q

Example of culture propaganda

A 
Il Duce poem by Bot
Duce x40 (eg Duce Duce Duce Duce...)
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22
Q

Was message was given with propaganda for mass media and mass activities?

A 
Trust Mussolini 
BM more than human (cult of personality)
Italians must do duty and serve country 
Nation of soldiers 
Italy is great
Importance of family
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23
Q

What was LUCE?

A

Set up in 1925
Made fascist documentaries shown before films
L’Unione Cinematografica Educativa

24
What was minculpop?
Ministry of popular culture 1930 Censored Italian and imported films
25
How else were films controlled?
Film makers funded by gov and some films had Fascist messages
26
How was radio controlled?
Radio network was state run Live coverage of Mussolini's speeches Given to illiterate south who didn't read newspapers
27
How were newspaper controlled?
1923 - prefects made responsible got them Major newspapers were brought up by Fascist sympathisers Popular journalists were kept in jobs but told what to write
28
Use of propaganda in sport
Participation was encouraged Littoriali games set up - highlighted superiority of fascism, seemed modern and progressive Golden M pin awarded to those who took part in L games Italy won World Cup - footballers wore black
29
How effective was the control of cinema?
``` Loose control (deliberate because of small audience) Hollywood films more popular than fascist ```
30
How effective was control of radio?
Not very - majority of Italians didn't have them
31
Message of propaganda directed at schools
Children had to be aware of duties as fascists Teachers had to be 'training, hard working, upright citizens, devoted to the country and to the Fascist regime' Children indoctrinated to be : obedient, prepared for war, thankful for 'Fascist Saviours'
32
How were schools controlled?
One textbook - Libro Unico (1928) 101/317 history textbooks banned 1935 - military education taught 1936 - lessons about fascist culture Had to conjugate verbs : believe, obey, fight All students issued with notebook with Mussolini's face on it
33
How were teachers controlled?
Non-fascists could be dismissed 1929 - took oath of loyalty 1931 - Fascist Teachers Association set up 1933 - all new teachers had to be fascist
34
How were universities controlled?
Professors took oath 1931-2 New profs after 1933 had to be party members However, generally left alone as long as they did nothing anti-fascist
35
How controlled were schools?
Teachers not committed despite oath 11/1250 refused loyalty, others signed with fingers crossed By late 30s most teenagers were already fascist because they had been indoctrinated early on
36
What messages were given with youth groups?
Complete control over all youth
37
What was the Balilla (ONB)?
1927 | Fascist youth groups
38
How did the ONB control youth?
All members had to proclaim loyalty oaths Provided sport and leisure activities that attracted members and spread message Propaganda lectures and rallies Physical activities with focus on military drill 1937 - under full party control and introduced compulsory membership
39
Evidence to suggest ONB was effective
1929 - 60% of youths members Groups tied in with schools - greater membership success with male, middle class youth Children got a lot of exposure to fascist ideas
40
Evidence that ONB wasn't very effective
Membership lower in south Catholicism limited spread of youth groups Rebellious teens didn't join because they disliked fascist ideology Many youths unhappy with German alliance and war in general
41
What messages were women given?
Ideal woman : humble housewife and mother Traditional values Large families
42
How were girls controlled in education?
Discouraged from entering higher education
43
How were women controlled in the workforce?
Excluded from teaching higher level subjects and in prestige secondary schools State railways sacked all women appointed since 1933 10% of workforce was women
44
Women and politics
Mobility of women in politics was frowned upon Organisations established for women (eg Fasci Femminili) didn't focus on political activities but grew extra food for campaign and attended meetings to discuss politics
45
How effective was the control of women?
Not much impact on workforce - women made up 44% of agricultural workers and 35% of industrial workforce 1/3 of women were paid in employment Birthrate went up due to battle for births but not as much as hoped
46
What did the Battle for Births do?
``` 1927 Promote higher birthrate Bachelor tax imposed on unmarried men Speeches praising motherhood by BM National day of mother and child Militia had to salute pregnant women when they saw them ```
47
What were Mussolini's overall aims?
``` Create a strong Italy Make a nation of fascists Get elites on his side Eliminate opposition Nation of warriors Create cult of personality ```
48
What did the OND stand for?
Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro
49
What did the OND do?
``` 1925 Provided new leisure facilities State-sponsored afterwork entertainment Gave financial assistance Social activities, cheaper holidays, sport and welfare Mobile cinemas and music clubs ```
50
Why was the OND created?
``` Improve health Gain support Make lives more enjoyable More control over people (eg in rural areas where they weren't influenced by media) Provide compensation for low pay Give image of caring employers Keep people away from TUs Make up for economic failure ```
51
Why were trade unions seen as bad?
They could strike | Linked to socialism
52
How effective was the OND?
Helped win support for regime but people still didn't absorb ideology Successful - 3.8 M members in 1939, reflects genuine interest because it wasn't compulsory Carried on under different name after regime Didn't indoctrinate people or make them fascist (didn't aim to do so)
53
What was the reform of customs?
1938 Mussolini tried to abolish the use of the friendly form of 'you' ('lei') and instead people would use 'voi', they polite form Abolished the use of handshakes so that people saluted instead
54
Why did Mussolini introduce the Reform of Customs?
Thought it would make Italians work harder, fight better and have more children Make better Italians - prepare for war because he thought it would make them more formal and less sympathetic
55
Was the Reform of Customs effective?
No one really did it and those who did didn't really want to - superficial Mussolini thought that those who didn't do it were pacifist, complacent and materialistic
56
Anti-Semitism in Italy
Very little anti-Semitism in Italy and fascist party 1% of population were Jews For 16 years, Jews received the same treatment from the gov as anyone else
57
How did Mussolini's attitude to Jews change?
1938 Introduced racist decrees that discriminated against them They were banned from mixed marriages, not allowed in state service jobs (eg civil service, schools, military) Not allowed in state schools
58
Why did Mussolini introduce anti-Semitic policies?
Wanted to emulate Hitler to strengthen Rome-Berlin axis Developed racist feelings during Abyssinian campaign (several Jews prominent in campaign for sanctions against Italy) Some opposition groups - Rosselli Brothers, were Jewish Greater attempt to create a new fascist man Internal pressure from Fascist radicals like Farinacci

Italian History (5 decks)

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