Rise of Mussolini and creation of a fascist dictatorship 1919-26 Flashcards
How many men did Italy lose in WW1?
600,000
Who did Alfredo Dallolio organise the recruitment of to the workforce?
Women and peasants
Who did Italy owe most of their debt to?
Britain and USA
Who was the Italian PM that went to the Versailles conference?
Vittorio Orlando
Which territory did Italy demand on top of the promised Treaty of London lands?
The port of Fiume
Which 3 men dominated the proceedings at the Treaty of Versailles?
Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (UK), George Clemenceau (France)
Who led the soldiers that occupied Fiume?
Gabriele D’Annunzio
What were the Red Years?
Biennio Rosso 1919-20
What were the PPI?
Political party representing Catholic ideals and interests.
When was the occupation of Fiume?
1919-1920
What political party was formed March 1919?
Fasci di Combattimento (Fascists)
What was the rule of the trenches?
Where only those who fought in the war could have a say in how the country was run or hold office.
Who were the ras?
Mussolini’s deputies who led squadristi factions
Which party was formed October 1921?
Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF)
When did Mussolini resign?
18th August 1921
Who were the PCI?
Communists backed by Russia
Who was King of Italy during the march on Rome?
Victor Emmanuel III
When was the march on Rome?
29-31st October 1922
What were the Quadrumvirs?
4 most senior Fascist commanders
What did Mussolini threaten in his maiden speech to Parliament?
To unleash violence if he needed to
What was the purpose of the Fascist Grand Council?
To circumvent the power of the governmental cabinet
What was the purpose of the MVSN?
To support the police and army as a formal militia and bring the squadristi under closer control
What did the Acerbo Law allow a party to do if they achieved 25% of the vote?
Hold a 2/3 majority in Parliament
Why was the Acerbo Law irrelevant after the April election of 1924?
Mussolini and the PNF achieved 66.3% of the vote
What was the name of the leader of the PCI who was murdered in June 1924?
Giacomo Matteoti
What happened on the 13th June 1924?
The Aventine Secession
What happened on the 3rd January 1925?
Mussolini announced the dictatorship
What position did Farinacci and Turati both hold in the PNF for a time?
Secretary of the party
What new position did Mussolini create to replace local governments that was under his control?
Podesta
What happened to the 100 members of the Aventine Secession after Mussolini became dictator?
They are permanently excluded from Parliament
Head of Government and Duce of Fascism replaced what Italian governmental title?
Prime Minister
What date did Mussolini announce himself as dictator?
3rd January 1925
Freedom of the press was removed after Tito Zaniboni did what?
Tried to assassinate Mussolini
What did the Palazzo Vidoni pact do?
Created a Fascist Trade Union and banned all others
What percentage did the fascists get in the general election of 6th April 1924?
66.3%
After his maiden speech to Parliament what was Mussolini granted?
Emergency powers
What year was Giacomo Matteotti murdered?
1924
What was the name of the king who was killed in 1900?
Umberto I
Between 1900-1911 there were over 1500 what?
Strikes
What date was the March on Rome?
28th October 1922
What happened to the ANI (the first Italian nationalist party) to secure them as an ally of the PNF and not a threat?
They were absorbed by the PNF
How did Mussolini get the support of the Catholic church for his bid for total control and reduce support for the PPI?
Crucifixes in school, increased clerical pay
“I could have made this grey, toneless Chamber a bivouac for my troops,” Is an extract from what speech?
Mussolini’s maiden speech to parliament
Mussolini requests what for a year and gets it with a vote of 306 to 116?
Emergency powers
What is the name of the group that replaces the Italian cabinet?
The Fascist Grand Council
The MVSN was the formalisation of what key element of the fascist party into a controllable force?
The squadristi
Who did the MVSN swear direct loyalty to?
Mussolini
What was the name of the law that stated 2/3 of the seats in parliament should go to the party with 25% of the vote?
The Acerbo Law
In the lead up to the election of 6th April 1924 what happened to Antonio Piccinini and other representatives of the PSI?
They were murdered
Mussolini won 64% of the vote which two former Italian Prime Ministers were included on the fascists ‘National List’?
Orlando and Salandra
What was the name of the fascist youth group for boys?
Balilla
What was the purpose of the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro?
Social organisation for workers
By 1926 what had happened to left wing papers such as Avanti?
Shut down
In 1937 there was a celebration of the 2000th birthday of which Ancient Roman?
Augustus Caesar
What was the name of Mussolini’s cult of personality?
The Cult of il Duce
What was the name for political exile in the South of Italy?
Confino
What were the OVRA?
The secret police
Name one of the anti-Semitic measures introduced by Mussolini from 1937 onwards?
Jews can’t marry Italians, own certain amounts of land, businesses and schools shut down
What did the title ‘First Marshal of the Empire’ confer on the holder?
Supreme command of Italian armed forces
What was the role of the podesta?
A local level governor of an area of Italy
