Rise Of Aparthied

Question 1

Who was South Africa prime minister pre-1948

Answer 1

Jan Smuts

Question 2

In the apartheid who was a key figures

Answer 2

Desmond tutu and ajg

Question 3

When was apartheid introduced

Answer 3

1948

Question 4

Why did the white South Africans turn to apartheid

Answer 4

WW2 - economic and social transformation of SA. Racial lines between workers

Question 5

What did the national party say would happen if they implemented racial equality

Answer 5

“National suicide for the white race”

Question 6

Why did Malan get power

Answer 6

1. Only whites could vote; the whites didnt want blacks to be able to
2. Smuts relied on his reputation rather than a campaign
3. The post war economy was poor
4. They got fewer votes but because some rural areas had an equal vote as cities, the NP were able to manipulate this in their favour
5. Smuts sympathised with the British, Malan didnt. Afrikaner’s did not either

Question 7

Did Malan win easily

Answer 7

No

Question 8

Did Malan expect to win in 1948

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What was the reputation of Jan Smuts in 1948

Answer 9

He was the ‘grand old man’ of SA politics for ages. He was 78 however and some of his policies were beginning to become a bit outdated

Question 10

What were the Tomlinson reports

Answer 10

Malan appointed professor tomlinson to investigate how a system of apartheid could work. He concluded that it would work. The 4 key elements of the report were:
1. The reserves should be divided into 7 homelands, e.g. Zulu, xhosa etc
2. If blacks were to be kept out of cities, £104m would have to be spent on homelands farming and factories
3. Whites should invest in these factories
4. 13% of South African land should be allocated to blacks

Question 11

What and when was the prohibition of mixed marriages act

Answer 11

1949 - marriages between people of different races became illegal

Question 12

Population registration act: when and what

Answer 12

1950 - defined which race every South African belonged to. An appeal could be made, involving inspection of nails, skin and hair

Question 13

What and when: immorality act

Answer 13

1950 - Sexual relations between races made illegal

Question 14

What and when: group areas act

Answer 14

1950 - each town or city was separated into white and black areas. If you were living in the wrong area, you had to move

Question 15

What and when: Bantu authorities act

Answer 15

1951 - the government appointed chiefs to the homelands - only 13% of land for 70% of people. The chiefs were dependent on the government.

Question 16

What and when: abolition of passes act

Answer 16

1952 - despite the name, all blacks in urban areas had to carry a pass book which proved they were allowed to be there. Police could demand the book at any time. Failure to produce it would result in a fine / sent back to homelands

Question 17

What and when: Bantu education act

Give a fact

Answer 17

1953 - all schools brought under government control. Blacks and whites taught separately. Black schools received 7x less funding than white. Black children taught lessons for unskilled jobs

Question 18

What and when: native urban areas act

Answer 18

1954 - controlled the blacks who lived in urban areas - black families qualified to live in towns if they had worked for the same employer for 10 years

Question 19

What and when: separate amenities act

Answer 19

1955 - divided public services and spaces according to race - this meant separate parks, beaches, post offices etc

Question 20

What and when: surpression of communism act

Answer 20

1950 - banned communist party, but also gave government extra power to arrest and hold people without charge, to ‘ban’ them so they couldn’t meet others or take part in politics, or to put them under house arrest.

Question 21

When did Malan lose his presidency and why

Answer 21

1954 - he stepped down due to age (80y/o) and health

Question 22

How much younger was Malan than smuts

Answer 22

4 years

Smuts 78
Malan 74

(In 1948)

Question 23

What must you remember when talking about acts (not just for SA)

Answer 23

Do not just list the act, remember to mention the impact on the people

Question 24

What was the Youth League

Answer 24

A group set up in 1943 by Mandela, Tambo and Lebede (teacher of Nelson + Oliver) which was a youth ANC. They stood for:
1. Not cooperate with the Indian national congress (saw them as having different problems)
2. Not cooperate with the communist party (not Christian)
3. Some members wanted to ‘drive the white men into the sea’

However 1 and 2 did change when Mandela got older (1946 and 1950 respectively)

Question 25

What did Mandela learn from the communist party in 1950

Answer 25

1st may 1950 - communists organised massive strike. Showed Mandela the power of mass support, but knew the ANC did not yet have it

Question 26

When was the defiance campaign and why was that significant

Answer 26

6th April 1952 - 300 years since the Dutch arrived in SA. It was a day that was celebrated for afrikaner nationalism

Question 27

What was the defiance campaign

Answer 27

8,577 ANC supporters defied the apartheid regulations. 2,354 were arrested by October and the jails + courts were full, as well as the international and national media.

Question 28

What were the impacts of the defiance campaign (2)

Answer 28

1. ANC membership rose from 7k to 100k 2. National and international media coverage

Question 29

What was the freedom charter

Answer 29

ANC members went out to ask people what their demands were, so the freedom charter contained what the people of SA wanted

Question 30

What problems did the ANC have when drafting the freedom charter

Answer 30

Many people were not used to expressing themselves openly and many did not have paper to write their demands on

Question 31

What was the freedom charter for the ANC when they were political

Answer 31

A manifesto

Question 32

What were the 10 points on the freedom charter

Answer 32

1. One person one vote 2. All national groups have equal rights 3. All people share in the wealth of the nation 4. The land to be shared by those who farm it 5. Fair trials and no more ‘bannings’ 6. Human rights for all + trade unions + freedom of speech, worship etc 7. Learning and culture available to all - compulsory and equal for all children 8. There shall be work and security 9. There shall be houses, security and comfort 10. Peace and friendship

Question 33

When did Chief Luthuli (head of ANC from 1952) win the Nobel peace prize

Answer 33

1961

Question 34

When did the government extend the hated pass system to women

Answer 34

1952

Question 35

What were the bus boycotts

Answer 35

Because people needed to travel far from work due to group areas act 1950, they had to take a vehicle, but couldn’t afford cars, so had to take the bus. The gov paid the bus companies to not put up fares, but some did anyway, so this caused hardship for the blacks. They then decided to walk, around a 32km round trip for some. Eventually the fare increase was removed

Question 36

Were the Bantu chiefs liked by the blacks

Answer 36

No - they were known as ‘puppets’ to the government

Question 37

What was the surpression of communism act 1950 really for

Answer 37

It was really just used for arresting opposition to the national party however, for example demanding equal race rights was ‘communist’. They also used it to gain western support

Question 38

What were the banning orders under

Answer 38

The surpression of communism act 1950

Question 39

What happened to those who were banned e.g. Mandela for most of the 1950s (5)

Answer 39

1. Forced to live in a certain place without leaving, often away from families in remote places 2. Always being watched by the police 3. Banned from meeting with others 4. Banned from writing or broadcasting 5. Banned from moving around the country freely

Question 40

How many people were arrested connected to the Freedom Charter in December 1956

Answer 40

156 including 23 whites

Question 41

What were the treason trials

Answer 41

The 156 people arrested due to the freedom charter were put on trial for treason and supporting communism. The trials lasted years, but the government wasn’t able to prove the charges, so all of them were acquitted.

Question 42

Give 1 positive and 1 negative of the treason trial

Answer 42

+ the freedom charter and its demands for democracy got large publicity - the trial meant that leaders were excluded from political activity for 5 years

Question 43

What were women protesting, how did they do it and how did it end up

Answer 43

- anti pass laws and poor living conditions - peaceful protests e.g. singing - imprisoned, banned, family fired

Question 44

Who were the black sash

Answer 44

An organisation of white, middle class women who wanted to help black women over the pass laws and other apartheid struggles.

Question 45

What were the beer hall protests

Answer 45

Women brewed beer and sold it in a shebeen (beer hall). These shebeens were banned by the gov who set up ‘official’ beer halls, so the police raided the shebeens. The women got very angry in Cato Manor near Durban in 1959 that their shebeens were being harassed, so they burned down two official beer halls. The next day they were violently attacked by police

Question 46

What was the defiance campaign aiming to do

Answer 46

Disrupt the organisation of the state

Question 47

What were the rural protests

Answer 47

The area blacks had to farm in the reserves was too small and too over crowded with both people and livestock. The government tried to kill loads of livestock to improve grazing grounds, but there were widespread protests. After years however, the government got their way and stamped it out

Question 48

What did the ANC call in Kliptown and when

Answer 48

26th June 1955 - the charter congress. They read out the freedom charter to the crowd, who agreed each point by calling out “Africa!” This meant that the ANC could claim with some justice that the charter had popular support. Its organisers claimed it was the first truly democratic assembly in SA’s history.