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Grand Apartheid Flashcards

1
Q

How did Luthuli describe Verwoerd

A

“The author of our calamity”

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2
Q

When was Verwoerd PM

A

1958-64

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3
Q

Who was J. G. Strijdom

A

PM from 1954-58, when he died of heart problems. He was known as the “Lion of the North”

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4
Q

What was Verwoerd’s aim in the second phase of apartheid

A

He wanted to make the blacks believe that they were working towards white levels of development and that they can govern themselves to reach this. He would move all blacks together and totally isolate them. This gives the impression that an independent Black Country could be created soon. (It wasn’t)

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5
Q

What was the Bantu Self-Government Act 1959

A

8 Bantusans were created, based on a division of the Tomlinson report. They became self-governing in 1963 and “independent” in 1976, although they weren’t recognised by other nations

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6
Q

What did Luthuli say about the creation of the Bantustans

A

He said it was “neither democratic nor Africa.” He said the act makes the chiefs “minor puppets and agents of the Big Dictator”

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7
Q

How to spell bantustans

A

BantusTans

Don’t forget the second T

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8
Q

What did Verwoerd aim for in the cities

A

He wanted the blacks to move to the Bantustans due to the development there, so the white areas would become white dominated

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9
Q

Why were the aims of Verwoerd unreasonable

A

He didnt face the realities of SA’s economic and population growth. The manufacturing industry needed a well-educated and well-trained black workforce living close to factories.

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10
Q

What did Verwoerd say in response to criticism that he wasn’t meeting the country’s needs

A

“If South Africa has to choose between being poor and white or rich and multi-racial, then it must choose to be white.”

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11
Q

What was Verwoerd described as

A

An unashamed white supremacist

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12
Q

What did Verwoerd say to blacks to convince them they too would develop

A

“Separate development is a tree, a fruit tree which this government gave the Bantu of South Africa. It planted the tree, but that tree must be tended in order to grow… Let it grow slowly. Do not be impatient. Let the branches become strong so that they can bear many fruits… do not look at the more developed tree of the white man with jealous eyes because then you will neglect your own small tree which will one day also be big…”

Tree analogy - dont be jealous of the white one because you will then neglect your own

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13
Q

What did Harold MacMillan say in Cape Town after touring africa in 1960

A

‘The winds of change’ were blowing through the continent and that Britain and the commonwealth found apartheid unacceptable

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14
Q

How did Verwoerd respond to Macmillan’s “winds of change” speech

A

The white people have nowhere else to go. Equality also means caring for the needs of whites

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15
Q

Why did Verwoerd lose power

A

He was assassinated in 1966 - he was also shot in 1960 but survived

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16
Q

What happened after the 1960 British-SA clash

A

Verwoerd ignored the British government and made South Africa a republic without the king of England as head of state, but the president of SA instead. He was therefore kicked out of the commonwealth

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17
Q

Who was Robert Sobukwe

A

The leader of the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC)

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18
Q

What did sobukwe do on the 21st march 1960

A

He walked 5km from Soweto to a police station in Orlando, to tell people not to carry their passes and to carry arrest

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19
Q

Why did sobukwe write to to the police commissioner

A

To hope that the police would be non violent

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20
Q

How many people died at sharpeville

A

69

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21
Q

What were the international consequences of the sharpeville massacre

A

The international community saw the brutality of apartheid in a new light

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22
Q

What did the residents of sharpeville do and what was the police response

A
  • gathered peacefully outside the police station without pass books, aiming to be arrested
  • the police opened fire, even while the protesters ran away they kept shooting
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23
Q

What were some national consequences of sharpeville

A
  • the government adopted total repression
  • the army reserve was called out
  • thousands of arrests were made including sobukwe
  • the ANC and PAC were outlawed. By banning the political parties, the government also indirectly caused peaceful protest to not be possible.
  • therefore this was a major reason for why the movement turned more violent
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24
Q

When was the MK (spear of the nation)

A

16th December 1961

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25
Did the PAC and ANC cooperate
No. They were more rival groups. The PAC was described as “amateurish” and “foolish” by Mandela. Mandela thought that the PAC lacked support and sabotaged the work of the ANC and that they stole the credit for the work of the ANC
26
What must we consider when looking at mandelas autobiography (2)
1. He is always looking for a way to link himself to what happened, so he looks more influential. Consider the **impression of himself** that he is trying to give in the passage 2. Mandela wrote it in prison, but then edited it while he was president, before publishing, meaning he left some bits out. He later published these bits
27
Why did Mandela say that he turned to violence (3)
1. The government showed intentions to crush any non violent protest 2. If any progress was desired, the protest had to become less passive 3. Other military forces had been made e.g. the APLA of the PAC and Mandela thought that the ANC could be the ones to unite these groups
28
What arguments were made against Mandela proposing to turn to violence (4)
1. He hadn’t thought it through 2. The decision was made out of desperation 3. He was being to radical and promoting ideas of revolution 4. Black lives would be put at risk
29
In the ANC leadership, did Mandela want to turn to violence or was he against it
He wanted to
30
Why did Mandela resort to sabotage
1. It caused low amounts of harm to people but high amounts of harm to government systems 2. No one would directly die 3. A black-white feud would be avoided 4. Sabotage required the least manpower of all the methods considered
31
What 4 methods did the MK consider using for violence and which did they pick
1. Sabotage (they picked this) 2. Guérilla warfare) 3. Terrorism 4. Revolution
32
What must you consider when considering the sabotage
This killed people indirectly e.g. people in hospital that relied on electrical instruments to save them from their critical condition - these people would die
33
What was the significance of Luthuli wining the Nobel peace prize
It showed that the west understood that the struggle of black South Africans was ignored for too long and that the west didn’t approve of apartheid
34
What was the first action of the MK and when
16th December 1961 - homemade bombs were detonated at government offices and power stations in major cities (Durban, port Elizabeth, Johannesburg) 1 man died
35
What was the significance of 16th December and why did MK sabotage on that day
It’s the day white South Africans celebrate as Dingane’s Day - the day the white South Africans (boers) defeated the Zulu leader Dingane at the battle of blood river in 1838. The white South Africans celebrated this day because they saw it as a sign that god was on their side, against the blacks. This day was chosen by MK to show that the Africans had only just began the fight and that they had righteousness (and dynamite) on their side
36
What was sobukwe’s dream for Africa
A united, liberal Africa. A peaceful transition into this and that the people would understand that this was about humanity
37
Who was Robert Sobukwe?
A South African anti-apartheid activist and the founding president of the Pan Africanist Congress.
38
What year was Robert Sobukwe born?
1924
39
True or False: Robert Sobukwe was a member of the African National Congress (ANC) before founding the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC).
True
40
Fill in the blank: Robert Sobukwe was known for his emphasis on ________ nationalism.
African
41
What significant event did Sobukwe lead on March 21, 1960?
The Sharpeville Massacre protest against pass laws.
42
Multiple Choice: What was the primary aim of the Pan Africanist Congress?
A) To promote African nationalism
43
What was the consequence of Sobukwe's leadership during the Sharpeville protest?
He was arrested and subsequently imprisoned under the Sobukwe Clause.
44
What legacy did sobukwe leave
He founded the PAC, he was a symbol of courage and integrity, he was an inspiration for Steve Biko and his unfair treatment brought lots of international attention and awareness
45
True or False: Robert Sobukwe was released from prison after serving his sentence.
False
46
In what year did Robert Sobukwe pass away?
1978
47
How long was sobukwe sentenced to initially
3 years
48
What was the sobukwe clause
A clause in 1963 that allowed the government to detain him indefinitely, without a trial. This lasted for 6 years
49
When was the Rivonia Trial
30th October 1963
50
What was the Rivonia trial about
10 anti-apartheid leaders, including Mandela, put on trial for sabotage
51
What punishment were the activists facing in Rivonia
Death penalty
52
What were the official charges against those in Rivonia (4)
1. Communism 2. Training people to use explosives 3. Training people in guérilla warfare 4. Conspiring against the government
53
How many of the 10 in Rivonia were sentenced to life imprisonment and how many were sent to robben island
8 7
54
What happened to the défense lawyer of those in Rivonia
Fisher was arrested as he was seen as ‘sympathetic to communism’
55
Why did those in Rivonia not face the death penalty
International pressure from the UN
56
What links did those in Rivonia have with other African nations
They were accused of getting help from sympathisers in countries like Algeria
57
Name 2 people convicted in Rivonia
Nelson Mandela Walter Sisulu
58
What did the government do after sharpeville
Declare a state of emergency
59
What was the international impact of Rivonia
There was significant media coverage. Anti-apartheiders like Tambo and Slovo also raised money for the defence. The UN put pressure on the SA gov to not do death penalty
60
What effect did Rivonia have on the anti-apartheid struggle
The government broke through the strength of the struggle in SA due to the imprisonment of the MK leaders. For a time, open political activity became impossible.
61
What were the positive impacts of Rivonia (4)
1. Increase in publicity and fame for Mandela 2. The trial got significant international attention, in favour of the MK leaders, saving their lives 3. Mandela and MK were reported very positively in the media 4. Mandela saying he would die for the cause (he thought he would get the death penalty) earned him a lot of loyalty, making him a figurehead of the movement
62
What negative impacts did the Rivonia trial have on the anti-apartheid movement (4)
1. Leaders were imprisoned 2. Precedent set which scared others from acting 3. Groups like ANC and PAC forced underground 4. The movement’s links to communism were more widely broadcast
63
What is my judgement on the effect of Rivonia on the anti-apartheid movement
My overall judgement is negative, although there is an argument to be made for positive
64
What was the significance of Mandela not being given the death penalty
Mandela living was significant, because he became a living martyr. If he had died, the interest around him would’ve gradually fallen, but because he was not given the death penalty, the interest around him remained high.
65
What is a martyr
Someone who is killed for their beliefs
66
Give 2 effects of the Rivonia trial on the anti-apartheid movement
The international attention The surpression of anti-apartheid protests in SA
67
What did the underground nature of the resistance after riviona cause
1. More international attention 2. The rise of black conscienciousness
68
What were the successes with the Bantustans
Life for the rulers were good Lots of jobs created
69
What was not successful about the bantustans
1. Many blacks continued to live outside their homelands in townships so they could continue with jobs in the cities 2. Bantustans were never recognised as independent by other countries 3. Industry did not develop and a lot of money was wasted 4. Life was hard for most people - poverty 5. Overcrowding, so land couldn’t be efficiently farmed 6. People had to catch buses hundreds of miles or risk living in illegal places
70
What was life like in townships
High unemployment Threat of being moved back to bantustans constantly Overcrowding
71
How were the black Bantustan leaders chosen
By whites
72
When was the PAC founded
1959

History South Africa (5 decks)

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