Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 103 > Rise of Animals Short Answers > Flashcards

Rise of Animals Short Answers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which 2 Periods was the Cambrian Divided into?

A

Sub-trilobites and trilobites (arthropods).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the Burgess Shale?

A

Best known Cambrian fossil deposit from 505 mya.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How was the Burgess Shale Preserved?

A

Animals were buried in a sub-marine landslide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Sudden appearance in the fossil record of complex animals with mineralized skeletal remains - 540 mya.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Gould Believe about the Cambrian Explosion?

A

They belonged to extinct groups, disparity is less today, most became extinct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Morris Believe about the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Animals represent branches of extant lineages, disparity has increased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Goal of Phylogenetic Systematics?

A

To make biological classification reflect phylogeny.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do Nodes Indicate?

A

The presence of an ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can a Character be?

A

Must be heritable, can be morphological, behavioural or molecular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Important to Remember when Classifying Characters?

A

Do so relative to the group of interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 Main Types of Characters?

A

Primitive (ancestral) or derived.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Purpose of a Molecular Clock?

A

Looking for constant mutation rates over time using dates on nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can Homoplasy Result in?

A

Artificial groups of organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 2 Molecular Character Advantages over Morphological Characters?

A

Can reconstruct relationships amongst very disparate organisms, molecular clock can be used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can we Relate 2 Homologous Genes?

A

Amount of genetic distance is proportional to the time that has elapsed since the lineages diverged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 New Features of the Phylogenetic Tree?

A

Radiate animals are sister group to bilaterians, bilaterians have 3 major clades, protostomes split amongst 2 of the clades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who is Included in the Lophotrochozoan Phyla?

A

Platyhelminthes, brachiopods, annelids, bryozoans, rotifers, molluscs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who is Included in the Ecdysozoan Phyla?

A

Nematodes, priapulids, tardigrades, onycophorans, arthropods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who is Included in the Deuterostome Phyla?

A

Echinoderms, chordata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a Crown Group Mean?

A

Fossils that have some but not all characters of a phylum belong to stem groups: can include living or extinct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the New Molecular Tree Suggest?

A

Cambrian explosion represented simultaneous diversification of each of the 3 bilaterian clades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 3 Explanations for the Discrepancy between Fossil Records and Clock Divergence?

A

Tiny early animals so no recognisable fossils, soft-bodied early animals, problem with molecular clock rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do Homeotic Genes Determine?

A

Anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, where segments develop, where appendages develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What were the 2 Important Periods of Bilaterian Evolution?

A

Evolution of bilaterian stem lineage leading to Urbilateria, diversification of 3 major bilaterian clades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the Problem with the Idea that Tininess Explains Molecular Clock Discrepancy?

A

Developing larvae seem to be derived in invertebrates, with direct development the basal condition - even tiny animals should have left some sort of fossil record.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can Major Differences in Morphology be Explained for Echinoderms and Arthropods?

A

Differences in regulatory gene complement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How was the Wing Development in Insects Aided?

A

Changes in hox binding sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How were Limb Changes in Arthropods Aided?

A

Particular target genes, hox genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How was Specialisation of Feeding Appendages Aided?

A

Changes in hox expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 4 Functions of a Skeleton?

A

Support, attachment, protection (internal organs), movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 3 Types of Skeleton?

A

Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 2 Parts of the Vertebrate Skeleton?

A

Axial, appendicular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do Gravity and Friction Compare in Water?

A

Little gravity, very dense.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do Gravity and Friction Compare on Land?

A

Large gravity, moderate friction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do Gravity and Friction Compare in the Air?

A

Major gravity, no friction.

36
Q

How are Slightly Movable Joints Bridged?

A

By cartilage.

37
Q

How are Freely Movable Joints Capped?

A

With cartilage.

38
Q

Who has Flight Evolved Independently for?

A

Insects, pterosaurs, birds, bats.

39
Q

What are the 4 Key Features of Avian Bones?

A

Rigidity, reduction, redistribution, limb modifications for flight.

40
Q

What are the 5 Types of Feather?

A

Contour, semiplumes, down, bristles, filoplumes.

41
Q

What is the Function of Contour Feathers?

A

Flight.

42
Q

What is the Function of Semiplume Feathers?

A

Insulation.

43
Q

What is the Function of Down Feathers?

A

Insulation.

44
Q

What is the Function of Bristle Feathers?

A

Tactile (sensory).

45
Q

What is the Function of Filoplume Feathers?

A

Sensory to keep contour feathers in place.

46
Q

What are the Features of Low Aspect Ratio Wings?

A

Elliptical wings, fast take-off, high manoeuvrability.

47
Q

What are the Features of High Aspect Ratio Wings?

A

High speed, soaring, gliding.

48
Q

How do we Calculate Wing Loading?

A

Mass / wing area.

49
Q

What is the Wing Loading of the Best Fliers?

A

Very low.

50
Q

What are 5 Adaptations of Diggers?

A

Elongated bodies with short limbs, retain 5 digits, stout claws, strengthened pelvis for bracing, projections on fore limbs for muscles.

51
Q

What is Out-Force of Limbs Dependent on?

A

In-force and length of in/out levers.

52
Q

What are the Features of a Longer Out-Lever?

A

Good for speed but low force.

53
Q

What does Out-Lever : In-Lever Ratio Tell us?

A

Who is built for speed and for strength.

54
Q

What are 2 Adaptations of Brachiation?

A

Lengthening of arms, strengthening of trunk.

55
Q

What is the Major Difference Between the Structures of Birds and Bats?

A

Bats have same elements of bone that we have, just highly specified - bird wing surface area is mostly feathers.

56
Q

Why is Paraxial Swimming Inefficient?

A

Low power, high drag.

57
Q

Who has the Fully Aquatic Lifestyle Evolved for?

A

Cetacea and Sirenia.

58
Q

How do Modern Day Arthropods Compare to Cambrians?

A

95% similarity.

59
Q

How do Modern Day Priapulids Compare to Cambrians?

A

Greater disparity today, evolved new body plans, with others becoming extinct.

60
Q

Why are there Doubts about the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Discrepancy between fossil record and molecular clock.

61
Q

How do we Know there is a Missing Period of Trilobites?

A

They appeared simultaneously (530 mya) in both USA and China, but they are monophyletic.

62
Q

What About if Disparity Appeared before the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Disparity in bilaterians was still mainly a Cambrian event.

63
Q

Why have Arthropods not Changed since the Cambrian Explosion?

A

They have a limited number of available body plan changes, most of which were explored in the Cambrian.

64
Q

What did Gould Believe about the Evolutionary Mechanism?

A

Cambrian explosion was the result of unique evolutionary processes that have not occurred since.

65
Q

What did Conway Morris Believe about the Evolutionary Mechanism?

A

It involved the same conventional evolutionary mechanisms we see throughout the history of animals.

66
Q

Who is Correct about the Evolutionary Mechanism?

A

Maybe in the middle - uniqueness of homologies of bilaterians suggests constrained body plans.

67
Q

What is Important to Remember about Evolution since the Cambrian Explosion?

A

It has mostly been loss or reacquisition of characters that already appeared in the Cambrian.

68
Q

What is the Concept of Fitness Landscapes?

A

Increased number of species creates more ecological opportunities for new species to evolve.

69
Q

Why Might O2 and Carnivory Links have Caused the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Less O2 means more carnivores in modern marine environments, and O2 decreased - followed by an ecological “arms race”.

70
Q

Which 3 Basal Chordates were Involved in the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Haikouella, Pikaia, Haikouichthys.

71
Q

What are the 3 Evolutionary Possibilities Following Gene Duplication?

A

No change in function (1 dupe lost), novel function, split functions.

72
Q

What is the Oldest Tetrapod?

A

Acathostega - 360 mya.

73
Q

Why did the Earliest Tetrapods Develop Limbs?

A

For moving in shallow, vegetation-choked water.

74
Q

Why Must Echinoderms have Evolved from a Bilaterian?

A

Because they are deuterostomes.

75
Q

What has Evolution of Hox Genes since Urbilateria Involved?

A

Mostly change in function and gene loss, not gene duplication.

76
Q

When was the Major Period of Hox Duplication?

A

Before the diversification of bilaterian animals.

77
Q

What did the Evolution of Phylum Specific Body Plans Depend on?

A

Novel gene regulatory circuitry.

78
Q

Why can’t we Produce a Molecular Phylogeny of Fossils?

A

There is no DNA left.

79
Q

What did “Weird Wonders” of the Cambrian Appear to be?

A

Euarthropod stem groups.

80
Q

What are the 2 Reasons Groups of Living Animals are always Distinct from their Nearest Relative Group?

A

They’ve evolved unique characters that make them look different, intermediate forms have gone extinct.

81
Q

What Develops in the Absence of Hox Gene Expression?

A

Antennae instead of legs.

82
Q

What is High Diversity in Insects Due to?

A

Small size, rapid geographic dispersal, adaptable body plan.

83
Q

Why are there so many Insects?

A

Low rates of extinction and adaptability (diet especially).

84
Q

What are the 3 Ways Gnathostomes are Divided?

A

Chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii.

85
Q

Did Feathers Evolve for Flight?

A

No.

86
Q

What is the New View of Phylogenies?

A

Stress the significance of how the geographic distribution of animals affects their evolution.

87
Q

Can we Remove Fossils to Map only Living Taxa?

A

No - fossils can supply character combinations that are missing in living clades.

Biology 103 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions