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Biology 103 > Endotherms Short Answers > Flashcards

Endotherms Short Answers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 Key Features of Mammals?

A

Fur, lactation, differentiated teeth, large brain, endothermy, high metabolic rate.

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2
Q

What are the 6 Key Features of Birds?

A

Wings/feathers, extended parental care (eggs), no teeth, large brains, endothermy, high metabolic rate.

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3
Q

How do Endotherms Produce Heat when Active?

A

Muscular movement, energy from food.

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4
Q

How do Endotherms Produce Heat when at Rest?

A

Heart, liver, internal organs, brown adipose tissue.

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5
Q

How much Higher is O2 Consumption and Energy Use for Endotherms?

A

4 - 10x ectotherms.

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6
Q

What are the 2 Ways to Measure BMR?

A

Measure heat production when fasting and resting, measure O2 consumption.

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7
Q

What are the 3 Advantages of Endothermy?

A

High speed, greater endurance, buffered from environmental extremes.

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8
Q

What are the 4 Adaptations for Cold Climates?

A

Shivering/muscle activity, insulation, circulation, behaviour.

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9
Q

How can Animals use Circulation to Control Heat?

A

Vein location (close = heat loss), adjust blood flow.

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10
Q

how does the Counter Current Exchange Work?

A

Artery blood warms up veins if they are close enough.

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11
Q

How does Temperature Relate to Metabolism?

A

Decreased temperature = Increased metabolism.

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12
Q

What are the 4 Adaptations for Heat?

A

Decreasing insulation, circulation, evaporative heat loss, behaviour.

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13
Q

How do Red Kangaroos Prevent Overheating?

A

Veins near skin receive more blood, lick their forearms to facilitate evaporative cooling.

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14
Q

What is the Path of Oxygen Followed by Mammalian Lungs?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

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15
Q

How do Mammalian Lungs Trap Foreign Particles?

A

Epithelium lined with cilia and mucus.

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16
Q

How do Mammals Inhale?

A

Diaphragm contracts, rib cage expands as rib muscles contract.

17
Q

How do Mammals Exhale?

A

Diaphragm relaxes, rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax.

18
Q

How do Avian Lungs Compare to Mammalian Lungs?

A

More complex, faveolar lungs with airsacs, one-way system with no residual volume.

19
Q

What are 4 Avian Characteristics?

A

Cross current gas exchange, large heart, high capillary in muscle, muscles have high aerobic capacity.

20
Q

How do High Flying Birds Compare to Low Fliers?

A

Larger lungs, increased O2 affinity haemoglobin, increased capillarity, greater aerobic capacity in flight muscle.

21
Q

How do Lizards Breathe?

A

Trunk bends laterally forcing air from one lung to another (can’t run and breathe).

22
Q

What is the Function of Incisors?

A

Seizing food.

23
Q

What is the Function of Canines?

A

Stabbing prey/social signals.

24
Q

What is the Function of Premolars?

A

Piercing and slicing.

25
Q

What is the Function of Molars?

A

Grinding.

26
Q

What is the Layout of Teeth in Humans in the i - c - pm -m Layout?

A

2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3 upper/lower jaw.

27
Q

How are Herbivore Teeth Specialised?

A

Canines reduced, premolars resemble molars.

28
Q

How are Omnivore Teeth Specialised?

A

Mix of teeth for a varied diet.

29
Q

How are Carnivore Teeth Specialised?

A

Enlarged canines for killing prey.

30
Q

What are the 3 Key Differences Between Mammalian Digestive Systems and Birds?

A

No crop/gizzard, salivary glands important, more specialisation for herbivory.

31
Q

How do the Stomachs of Mammals Compare with Each Other?

A

Carnivores - large, expandable stomach

Herbivore/omnivore - longer tracts relative to body size.

32
Q

What are the Results of having a Hindgut?

A

Cell contents ready for food, cellulose not ready, high fibre diet.

33
Q

Which Food Enters a Hindgut?

A

Abundant, low quality food.

34
Q

Which Food Enters a Foregut?

A

Higher quality food/slower processing.

35
Q

What are the Results of having a Foregut?

A

Cellulose broken down, microbes make essential amino acids, microbes detoxify food, slow passage.

36
Q

What are the 2 Problems of Locomotion on Land?

A

Lower drag/friction but need for support, energy expended moving and resisting gravity.

37
Q

What are 2 Benefits of the Forelimb?

A

Catch body weight thrown by hindlimbs, improve gait efficiency by storing it as potential energy in stretched ligaments.

38
Q

What is the Function of the Hindlimb?

A

Drive trunk forward and propel the body up/over obstacles during jumps.

39
Q

What are 4 Adaptations of Cursors?

A

Reduced fibula, reduced ulna, elongated distal limb bones, joints more rigid and limited to one direction of movement.

Biology 103 (7 decks)

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