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Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

What is suffrage?

A

The ability to vote in public elections.

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2
Q

What is Electorate?

A

The body of people that are entitled to vote.

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3
Q

What is a ballot?

A

Another word for vote. A ballot box is where you cast your vote.

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4
Q

What is a constituency?

A

An area represented by an MP.

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5
Q

An area represented by an MP.

A

The people living in a constituency.

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6
Q

Who is entitled to vote in the UK?

A

People over the age of 18.
Citizens of the UK, Rol and Commonwealth.
UK Nationals that have lived abroad for less than 15 years.

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7
Q

Who isn’t entitled to vote?

A

Under 18’5.
EU citizens (can still vote in local elections).
Prisoners.
Those convicted of corrupt or illegal electoral practice. They are barred for 5 years.
Those in psychiatric care.

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8
Q

What were the two types of constituency?

A

County / Boroughs

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9
Q

How was voting in the counties restricted?

A

Restricted to freehold property owners.

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10
Q

Why was there a problem with constituency boundaries?

A

They had remained unchanged for hundreds of years, and had not kept up with population change at all.
Some votes were far more equal than others.

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11
Q

What was the problem with plural voting?

A

Wealthy men with properties in multiple locations to have multiple votes.

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12
Q

Who was a large portion of society excluded from voting?

A

51%Women

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13
Q

What was the Act that improved election fairness?

A

The Great Reform Act 1832.

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14
Q

What did the Great Reform Act 1832 seek to
do?

A

• Redistribute constituency seats more in line with population.
• Enfranchise smaller property holders and tenant farmers in counties.
• Created a standard £10 property qualification for borough voters.

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15
Q

How many people were allowed to vote after the Great Reform Act 1832?

A

5%

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16
Q

What happened in 1867?
Voter rights

A

Borough householders (tradesmen, shopkeepers etc.) enfranchised.
13% of adult population allowed to vote.

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17
Q

What happened in 1884?
Voter rights

A

Rural householders on same footing as borough ones.
25% of adult population allowed to vote.

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18
Q

What happened in 1918?
Voter rights

A

All men over 21 and women over 30 enfranchised.

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19
Q

What happened in 1928?
Voter rights

A

Terms for men and women equalised (both sexes can vote at 21)

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20
Q

What happened in 1948?
Voter rights

A

End of plural voting

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21
Q

What happened in 1969?
Voter rights

A

Voting age reduced to 18.

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22
Q

Why were women denied the right to vote?

A

Women were considered inferior to men.
Public life was a male ‘sphere of influence’

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23
Q

What elections could women actually vote in?

A

Local council

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24
Q

Who were the suffragists?

A

NUWSS, a group of peaceful protestors with gradualist tactics.
Mostly middle class.

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25
Q

Why were the Suffragettes founded?

A

The ‘cause’ was moving too slowly.
Included far more working-class women.

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26
Q

What effect did WW1 have on suffrage for women?

A

Protests were paused during WW1.
Suffragists/ettes volunteered members to take predominantly male jobs during the war.

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27
Q

What are the four main case studies upon extending the right to vote?

A

• 16 year olds (Scottish Indy Ref)
• Prisoners (The European Court of Human Rights found the UK in breach of human rights by denying prisoners voting rights. David Cameron said it ‘made him sick to his stomach’)
• Foriegn nationals with ILR (Indefinite Leave to Remain) in the UK
• UK passports abroad.

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28
Q

What are the 5 principles governments need to persue?

A

Freedom + Rights
Tolerance
Law + Order
Equality ustice

29
Q

What are civil rights?

A

Refers to the individuals relationship with the state.

30
Q

What are some examples of civil rights?

A

Positive:
The right to vote
The right to join political parties
To form associations like trade unions or pressure groups
The right to express an opinion (this could be hindered by the Crime and Courts Act)
The right to move freely
Negative:
Right to privacy
Right to a fair trial
Right to not be imprisoned without a trial

31
Q

What is the difference between negative and positive civil rights?

A

Positive rights are rights that provide something that people need to secure their well-being.
Negative rights are protections against the state.

32
Q

When was a document released that made our rights clear?

A

1998 Human Rights Act

33
Q

What is the oldest official declaration of rights?

A

Magna Carta

34
Q

When was the Magna Carta released?

A

1215

35
Q

What did the Magna Carta establish?

A

Established the right to trial by jury and unlawful seizure of property.

36
Q

What is a 20th Century declaration of rights?

A

European Convention on Human Rights 1950

37
Q

Who enforces the European Convention of
Human Rights 1950?

A

Council of Europe

38
Q

Who passed the Human Rights Act 1998?

A

The last Labour government (as of 27/09/22)

39
Q

What is the most recent update to human rights in the UK?

A

The Equality Act 2010

40
Q

What did the Equality Right 2010 set out?

A

Brought the Equal Pay Act, Sex Discrimination Act and the Race Relations Act.
Added protections for: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage or civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion / belief, sex and sexual orientation.

41
Q

What are some more controversial rights?

A

Right to form trade unions
Right to strike
Right to a decent standard of education
Pension rights

42
Q

What is a problem with the current Human
Rights Act 1998?

A

The current (as of 27/09/22) Tory Government in May 2015, promised to scrap the Act.

43
Q

What was tolerance originally known as?

A

Religious Tolerance.

44
Q

What were non-Co members prevented from doing in the early 19th
Century?

A

Voting
Standing for Parliament etc.

45
Q

What were the differing conversations surrounding tolerance?

A

Conservatives argues tolerance should be limited to preserve order and unity.
Liberals focused on extending tolerance to all.

46
Q

How does right-wing politics lean in terms of law and order?

A

Harsher punishments for criminals
More police
Strong Army

47
Q

How does left-wing politics lean in terms of law and order?

A

More tough on the causes of crime.
Investment to prevent crime before it happens rather than harsher punishment.

48
Q

What is Labour’s famous slogan on crime?

A

‘Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime’

49
Q

What does equality actually mean?

A

Equal rights
Equality of Opportunity

50
Q

What do people argue about in terms of equality?

A

Equality of Opportunity
Equality of Outcome

51
Q

What powers do judges have in relation to act of Parliament that are deemed to be incompatible with the Human Rights Act?

A

If the court finds that an Act of Parliament or Parliament itself is in breach of the Human Rights Act, the government will then act upon it and fix it. It is the government’s job to uphold the rule of law.
However, in theory, the government could ignore the courts because of Parliamentary Sovereignty.

52
Q

What are 3 examples where human rights cases have been succesful?

A

Abu Qatada Deportation
Extradition of Abu Hamza
Max Mosley awarded substantial damages when the News of the World published a story about his sex life

53
Q

What is judicial review?

A

This is where any citizen can take either the government or any public body to court if they believe it has acted beyond its powers.

54
Q

Why do some on the right oppose the Human
Rights Act?

A

Some argue that is shows favour to undeserving individuals, rather than protecting the freedoms of UK citizens.

55
Q

What are control orders?

A

The government were unable to detain terror suspects indefinitely on the grounds that a national emergency warranted it.
In response, they introduced electronic tagging, requirement to report to police, removal of mobile phones and internet access.

56
Q

What are TPIM’s

A

The coalition government of 2011 replaced the control orders with TPIM’s.

57
Q

What is the ‘Snoopers’ Charter’?

A

The ‘Investigatory Powers Act’ allows state authorities to collect information about everything we do.

58
Q

What is the ‘Snoopers’ Charter’?

A

The ‘Investigatory Powers Act allows state authorities to collect information about everything we do.

59
Q

Why are government unlikely to support pressure groups on behalf of individuals like terror suspects?

A

They are a minority, that the majority has minimal / no sympathy for.

60
Q

What is the difference between natural-born rights and given rights?

A

Natural-born are things you have from the moment you are born. (right to life, right to freedom from torture etc.)
Given rights are things that are given to you from the state (positive rights).

61
Q

What is the Crime and Courts act?

A

An Act that specifies the police can break up a protest if it is deemed to be “unacceptable”

62
Q

Why do the current Tory government want to leave the ECHR?

A

People can use the ECHR to evade deportation, trial etc.
Abu Hamza used the EHCR to stay in the country.

63
Q

What is the gender recognition Act?

A

You can change your gender on your passport / birth certificate, provided you have had gender reassignment.

64
Q

Why are trade unions unpopular with many
Conservatives?

A

They have a wider, left-wing, socialist agenda. (e.g. RMT and the railway union).
Their pay demands are too high for employers to meet as this would mean businesses going out of business.
Margaret Thatcher hated trade unions and passed laws to restrict their power.

65
Q

Why did Madonna object to the ‘right to roam’?

A

Madonna argued it went against her right to privacy.

66
Q

On what grounds can the ‘Snooper’s Charter’ be implemented?

A

Under any grounds, but in actuality, it’s implemented for certain people who would interact with groups such as ISIS, Al Queda or even the BNP if they deemed it worthwhile.

67
Q

Why has it become more difficult for the
‘Snooper’s Charter’ to be used?

A

The increased usage of encryption.
Apple declining to co-operate with investigation in America.

68
Q

Why did some MP’s object to the Campaign for
Freedom of Information?

A

Details of MP’s expenses claims are technically available under the Fol.

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