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My WSET L4D3 > Rhone Valley > Flashcards

Rhone Valley Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two regions Rhone Valley is broken into

A

Northern Rhone
southern Rhone

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2
Q

What is the predominate grape in Northern Rhone for red wine? white?

A

Syrah
Whites Viognier, Marsanne, anad Roussane

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3
Q

What is climate in Northern Rhone

A

continental

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4
Q

what is the climate in Southern Rhone

A

mediterranean

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5
Q

what are the significant varieties found in Southern Rhone?

A

Reds (and a few roses): Grenanche Noir, Syrah, Cinsault, and Mourvedre
Whites = blends based in Grenache Blanc

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6
Q

what separates the Northern and Southern Rhone

A

a gap of 50 km (30 miles) where relatively few grapes are grown

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7
Q

Where are Northern Rhone appellations located

A

close to the river (vines planted on slopes above the river itself)

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8
Q

How much area is under vine in Southern Rhone?

A

66,000 ha

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9
Q

how much area is under vine in Northern Rhone

A

less than 4,000 ha

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10
Q

Where are Southern Rhone vines located?

A

a distance from the river

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11
Q

North or South? Which part of Rhone has both individual AOCs as well as large volumes of basics Cote de Rhone AOC and IGP wines?

A

South

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12
Q

which two appellations together produce around 60% of the total wine produced in the Rhone?

A

Cote du Rhone AOC
Cote du Rhone Villages AOC

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13
Q

in 2018 how was red/white/rose broken out by percentage?

A

red = 74%
white = 10%
rose = 16%

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14
Q

in 2018 how much percentage of Rhone was certified organic?

A

8%

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15
Q

what wind blows through the Northern and Southern Rhone?

A

Mistral

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16
Q

What type of varietal is vigorous in both northern and southern Rhone?

A

Syrah

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17
Q

How are Syrah vines trained in Northern Rhone?

A

on steep slopes of the top of appellations, individual plants are often tied to one or two poles. Trellising is not possible

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18
Q

What is Syrah susceptible to in Rhone?

A

mites and botrytis bunch rot

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19
Q

What disease is specific to Syrah? describe it

A

Syrah decline or disorder. leaves turn red and the graft point breaks up and the vine dies

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20
Q

SAT for Syrah in Northern Rhone crus

A

deep ruby in color
med to pronounced in intensity aromas and flavors of violet, plum (red in cooler years and sites; black in warmer years and sites), blackberry, with black pepper and herbal notes
acidity = med to high
tannins = med to high

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21
Q

what does Syrah add to Southern Rhone blends?

A

color, fruit, and structure

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22
Q

When does Grenache Noir ripen?

A

late - can be affected by autumn rains

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23
Q

What kind of yield does Grenache Noir produce

A

high yield

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24
Q

what kind of climate does Grenache Noir need to ripen

A

warm

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25
Q

how is Grenache Noir trained?

A

it grows upright so trained as a bush vine, pruned short to contain the vigor

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26
Q

What kind of soil does Grenache Noir do well with?

A

dry low fertile soils - due to vigor

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27
Q

What is Grenache Noir resistant to?

A

drought

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28
Q

What is Grenache Noir susceptible to?

A

coulure, fungal disease, downy mildew, Phomopsis, and botrytis bunch rot; bacterial necrosis or bacterial blight,

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29
Q

how is bacterial necrosis (blight) combatted

A

planting only disease-free stock and avoiding contamination from pruning tools

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30
Q

What is sugar accumulation like in Grenache Noir?

A

can accumulate sugar quickly which is a problem for dry wines but makes great VDN

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31
Q

SAT for Grenache Noir?

A

pale ruby color
ripe red fruit (strawberry, red plum, red cherry), spicy herbal notes,
high alcohol
low to med tannins
low acidity

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32
Q

Describe the budding and ripening of Mourvèdre grapes

A

late budding
late ripening

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33
Q

what kind of climate does Mourvedre grape need?

A

only thrives in warm to hot climates - needing the high temp at the end of the season to fully ripen. can be underripe if late summer is not hot

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34
Q

Is Mouvedre resistant to drought?

A

no, but it needs small but regular amounts of water

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35
Q

How is Mouvedre best pruned and trained?

A

short; either cordon trained or bush vine

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36
Q

what soil does mouvedre best grow in?

A

calcereous soils to retain water deep

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37
Q

What kind of yields does Mouvedre produce?

A

low

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38
Q

what is Mouvedre prone to in vineyard?

A

mites, leafhoppers, and sour rot (disease that affects ripening bunches due to insect or bird damage to the grapes which then make grapes prone to fungi or bacteria)

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39
Q

what is mouvedre prone to in teh winery?

A

strongly prone to reduction - needs adequate access to O2

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40
Q

what vessel is Mouvedre typically aged?

A

in old oak

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41
Q

SAT for Mouvedre in Rhone

A

almost always used in a blend
contributes:
deep ruby color
intense aromas of blackberry, blueberries, violets
high alcohol
high firm tannins

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42
Q

Describe the budding and yields of CInsault

A

late budding; high yielding

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43
Q

What is Cinsault resistant to?

A

drought and heat

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44
Q

What happens if Cinsault is grown on soils with excessive Lime

A

can suffer cholorsis

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45
Q

What is CInsault prone to?

A

mites, grape moths, esca and eutypa

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46
Q

How is CInsault typically used in Southern Rhone

A

small part of a red blend

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47
Q

Describe generally how CInsault is made

A

to preserve fruit flavors -
mid-range fermentation temp
aged briefly on stainless steel

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48
Q

SAT for Cinsault in Rhone

A

contributes
light ruby color
med to med+ intense aromas of fresh red fruit (raspberry, red cherry)
high alcohol
low to med tannins

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49
Q

when are the aromas most prominant for CInsault?

A

in the first year after wine is made - meant for early drinking reds and roses

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50
Q

what are the main red varieties used in Rhone?

A

Syrah
Grenache Noir
Mouvedre
Cinsault
Carignan

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51
Q

What are the main white varietals used in Rhone?

A

Viognier
Marsanne
Roussanne
Grenache Blanc
Clariette
Bourboulenc

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52
Q

What type of budder is Viognier? what does this make it prone to?

A

early budder - prone to spring frosts

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53
Q

How is viognier trained and why?

A

on a trellis or poles to prevent wind damage

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54
Q

Describe yields for Viognier

A

unpredictable and low due to poor flowering and fruit set (coulure)

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55
Q

Why does Viognier need to be fully ripe?

A

for pronounced aromas

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56
Q

What is the risk of leaving Viognier grapes on the vine too long?

A

they lose flavor and acidity, rapidly gaining sugar which results in unbalanced wines with lack of flavor

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57
Q

SAT for Viognier

A

med lemon in color
pronounced aromas and flavors of honeysuckle, apricot and peach
medium to high alcohol
low acidity

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58
Q

How much Viognier is allowed in some northern Rhone red wines?

A

up to 20% - otherwise made of Syrah

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59
Q

Describe budding and vigor of Marsanne

A

late budder and vigorous and productive

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60
Q

Describes why yields must be kept low for Marsanne

A

to produce high-quality wines to; reduce amount of fruit being ripened

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61
Q

What kind of soil does Marsanne perform best on?

A

stony and low fertility to keep yields low

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62
Q

What is Marsanne prone to?

A

mites , powdery mildew and botrytis bunch rot

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63
Q

SAT for MArsanne

A

medium lemon in color sometimes gold
low intensity of honeysuckle, lemon, apricot,
oily texture
med acidity
full bodied
med to high alcohol

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64
Q

Describe what style wine Marsanne is used for in Northern Rhone? Southern? (blended vs varietal)

A

Northern = varietal wine or blended with Roussanne
Southern = usually part of a blend

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65
Q

Describe the type of soils Roussanne does best on

A

low fertility, well-draining

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66
Q

Is Roussanne early or late budding?

A

late budding

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67
Q

what does Roussanne have poor resistant to?

A

wind

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68
Q

What is Roussanne susceptible to?

A

coulure; powdery mildew, botrytis bunch rot, and mites

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69
Q

In comparison to Marsanne how does it grow?

A

less successfully and is less commonly grown in Rhone

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70
Q

SAT for Roussanne

A

medium lemon in color sometimes gold
med to med + intensity aromatics of pear, with herbal notes
medium to med + acidity
med to high alcohol

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71
Q

How does Roussanne compare to Marsanne in terms of aging

A

Roussanne ages quicker than Marsanne

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72
Q

What other varietals are Roussanne typically blended with in Rhone Valley - northern? southern?

A

Northern = Marsanne,
Southern = Clairette, grenache Blanc
single varieties are made in both as well

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73
Q

Describe type of budding for Grenache Blanc and the problem this can cause?

A

relatively early budding, but because it is typically grown in mild south of France and in Spain there is only an occasional problem with spring frosts.

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74
Q

What does Grenache Blanc have good resistance against?

A

wind

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75
Q

In Rhone where is Grenache Blanc typically grown

A

almost exclusively in the southern part

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76
Q

What types of wines are made in Southern Rhone with grenache Blanc?

A

VDN and dry white blends

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77
Q

SAT for Grenache Blanc

A

low intensity ripe green fruit and some floral notes
high alcohol
low acidity

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78
Q

What type of variety is Clairette?

A

vigorous white

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79
Q

What type of soil does Clairette do well in?

A

low fertility, dry soils - well suited for southern Rhone and low rainfall

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80
Q

What methods used to contain the vigor of Clairette

A

pruned short and excessive buds removed
grows upright

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81
Q

What is Clairette resistant to?

A

wind

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82
Q

When does Clairette ripen? what does this make it prone to?

A

late
early autumn rains

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83
Q

Name a reason Clairette needs to be handled carefully in the winery

A

it oxidizes easily

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84
Q

SAT for Clairette

A

primary used for white blends
adding freshness and fruit
white flower, fennel, apple, grapefruit
high alcohol
low to medium acidity

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85
Q

Where is CLairette typically used in the RHone?

A

southern white Rhone blends

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86
Q

Describe the Bourboulenc grape

A

late ripening with loose branches and thick skins, resistance to botrytis bunch rot, giving it disease resistance necessary for late ripening

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87
Q

Where does Bourboulenc grow well?

A

warm dry locations (ex. Southern Rhone)

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88
Q

SAT for Bourboulenc in Southern Rhone?

A

white blends
contributes lemon flavor
medium+ acidity
med alcohol

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89
Q

In general describe winemaking in Rhone Valley

A

traditional with a preference for concrete vats for fermentation (although stainless steel and large wooden vessels are also used)

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90
Q

What vessels are typically used for maturation in Rhone Valley

A

small and large wooden vessels

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91
Q

How is Grenache Noir typically fermented and aged? why?

A

in concrete vats and stainless steel due to it being prone to oxidation and premature loss of color when exposed to too much O2

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92
Q

How is Syrah typically fermented and aged? why?

A

has to be pumped over more often and often aged in oak to provide gentle oxidation
due to it being prone to reduction

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93
Q

What do some quality producers in the northern Rhone use to age wine?

A

some use a proportion of new French oak barrique, but less prevalent than in the 1990’s

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94
Q

How are red Cru level wines typically harvested and brought to the winery in Rhone

A

grapes harvested by hand
transported in small crates(ensuring whole unbroken bunches arrive at winery)

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95
Q

How are red Cru level wines typically destemmed and pressed at the winery in Rhone

A

they are destemmed and chilled or cold soaked for 1-3 days to extract color
alternatively, they may be whole bunch pressed to promote more intense aromatics

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96
Q

What vessels are used to ferment red Cru level wines in Rhone

A

typically in stainless steel, large concrete vats, or open top wooden fermenters

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97
Q

What types of yeasts are used to ferment red Cru level wines in Rhone

A

either ambient or cultured yeasts

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98
Q

What temps are used for fermentation of red Cru level wines in Rhone and why?

A

warm temps to enhance extraction of color, flavor, and tannin

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99
Q

How long does maceration on skins last and what methods are used for maceration of red Cru level wines in Rhone and why?

A

maceration on the skins may last 20-30 days with punch downs, pump overs, and rack and return in order to enhance extraction of color, flavor, and tannin

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100
Q

About how long does maturation last before putting into bottles in the Rhone

A

12-24 months

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101
Q

What vessels are used for maturation with Grenache Noir? Syrah? Mourvedre?

A

grenache Noir = large oak vessels
Syrah and Mourvedre = small barrels with typically a proportion of 20-30% new

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102
Q

How are inexpensive high level red wines typically harvested and brought to the winery in Rhone

A

harvested by machine
due to grapes inevitably being crushed it is important to process entire volume quickly
hand picking and carbonic maceration is an option for some (to enhance color and fruit intensity and produce wines with low tannins)

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103
Q

What do some large producers do Rhone to produce a low tannin fruity style quickly

A

flash detente or thermovinification

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104
Q

What type of yeasts are used for inexpensive reds in Rhone valley

A

cultured to ensure quick reliable fermentation to dryness

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105
Q

What temp is fermentation done for inexpensive red wines in Rhone? why?

A

mid range to retain fruit flavors and avoid the extraction of high levels of tannins

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106
Q

Why are macerations levels kept short for inexpensive red wines in Rhone?

A

to retain fruit flavors and avoid extraction of high tannin levels

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107
Q

How are inexpensive red wines stored and for how long before bottling

A

stainless steel for a few months

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108
Q

Describe what saignee refers to in Southern Rhone

A

process of making rose wine with the idea of only making rose wine from the grapes and all the juice extracted from them, not drawing off the must to make rose as a by-product of concentrating what will become a red wine

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109
Q

How are rose wines typically made in Southern Rhone

A

through short maceration where grapes are pressed after cold maceration on the skins for about 12-48 hours, which provides needed color, flavor intensity and light tannins

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110
Q

How are rose wines fermented in Southern Rhone?

A

same as for white wines

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111
Q

HOw are rose wines typically aged in Southern RHone?

A

oak or concrete large vats or stainless steel, although some producers will age top wines in old small oak barrels to add texture

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112
Q

What temperature are white wines fermented in Rhone Valley? why

A

mid-range to retain fruit

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113
Q

Do producers use malolactic conversion for white wines in RHone Valley? why

A

its sometimes avoided to retain natural acidity

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114
Q

What type of vessels are used to age white wines in RHone?

A

most are aged in large old oak or stainless steel

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115
Q

Why is lees stirring typically sometimes avoided in white Rhone wines?

A

natural fuller body however, some still do some lees stirring to create an even fuller body

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116
Q

How are white wines in Rhone matured? fermented? why?

A

some are matured in oak for adding a layer of complexity
some are fermented in oak for better fruit-oak integration

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117
Q

What is the climate of the Northern Rhone

A

moderate continental climate
warm summers and adequate rainfall falling mainly in autumn and winter

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118
Q

What is the wind that blows from the north in Northern Rhone and what does it do?

A

Mistral - reduces the incidence of fungal disease and decreases the vigor of the vines leading to lower yields and higher concentration in wines, but lower production

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119
Q

what is the difference between the most northerly and southerly vineyards in Northern Rhone and what is the result of this

A

65 km (40 miles)
better ripening in the southern part of the region due to less wind

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120
Q

Where are the better vineyards located in Northern Rhone? What is the disadvantage of this

A

on steep slopes that increase the interception of sunlight and promote better drainage

hand harvesting needed - raises costs

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121
Q

What is the northern most appellation in Northern Rhone Valley?

A

Cotie Rotie AOC

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122
Q

What type of wines does Cote Rotie AOC produce?

A

only red

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123
Q

Describe the location of the vineyards in Cote Rotie AOC

A

on steep slopes, often terraces, mostly facing east and south east making for high sunlight interception and sheltered from the winds of the north

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124
Q

What results in fully ripened grapes in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

high levels of sunlight and heat, rapid drainage, and poor stony soils

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125
Q

How are Cote Rotie AOC grapes harvested? Why?

A

by hand due to steep slopes and erosion; grapes planted on terraces that need to be repaired

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126
Q

How are vines trained in COte Rotie AOC?

A

individual vines are single or double guyot trained and are tied to one or two poles (echalas)

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127
Q

What are the quality and price of Cote Rotie AOC wines?

A

good to outstanding
Premium to super premium

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128
Q

How many ha are under vine in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

now = 250 ha
19070s = 70 ha

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129
Q

What are all wines made from in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

Syrah with up to 20% viognier permitted in blends- although in practice it is often 0 and normally no more than 8%

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130
Q

What rootstock is preferred for Syrah in Cote Rotie AOC? WHy?

A

3309 regarded as being relatively productive and vines produce grapes with good depth of color

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131
Q

What are typical planting densities for Syrah in Cote Rotie AOC? why

A

10,000 vines/ha
creates competition between vines, reducing yields and producing concentrated fruit

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132
Q

What are max yields permitted in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

40 hl/ha

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133
Q

When Syrah and Viognier are both used in Cote Rotie AOC how do they have to be fermented

A

co-fermented

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134
Q

What is the emphasis of winemakers for wines made in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

the aromatic potential of wines

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135
Q

How do winemakers emphasize the aromatic potential of wines in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

most choose to destem and then cold soak the fruit but usage of a percentage of stems in the ferments is increasingly common

136
Q

What temperatures are used to ferment wines from Cote Rotie AOC? why?

A

warm temps for full extraction

137
Q

Where viognier is used in a blend in Cote Rotie AOC what does it add to the blend

A

floral and fruity aromas

138
Q

What types of yeasts are used in Cote Rotie AOC? Why?

A

natural yeasts to help with a greater perception of terroir

139
Q

In what vessels does malolactic fermentation take place in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

cask

140
Q

In what vessels does maturation take place in Cote Rotie AOC?

A

either in small barrels (225L barriques) or in large wooden vessels with demi muids of 500-600L being flavored by many for less overt oak notes in young wines

141
Q

What are Cote Rotie AOC wines known for stylistically

A

pronounced aromas, being typically softer and less full-bodied than wines of top appellations

142
Q

Where is the Condrieu AOC appellation situated in Rhone?

A

close to northern end of northern Rhone vineyard area

143
Q

What must the wines (varietal) be made from in Condrieu AOC

A

100% Viognier

144
Q

What is the max yield permitted in Condrieu AOC? what does this ensure

A

41 hl/ha
med to pronounced flavor intenstiy

145
Q

Which way are vineyards facing in Condrieu AOC and why is this?

A

south facing - due to the river turning southwest at this point in Rhone
this allows for the enhancing of fruit ripening

146
Q

Where are vines grown in Condrieu AOC?

A

steep, low fertility, rocky slopes often in terraced vineyards with constant challenges from soil erosion and wind

147
Q

What single estate that surrounds the Condrieu AOC appellation?

A

Chateau-Grillet AOC

148
Q

What did Chateau Grillet AOC create the reputation for?

A

Viognier as one of France’s great wines

149
Q

What vessel is used to ferment most Condrieu AOC wines

A

stainless steel or large wooden vessels; few producers will use small barrels that produces wines with more texture and flavor

150
Q

Is malolactic conversion used in COndrieu AOC?

A

producers can choose whether to use it or not, but normally it is carried out

151
Q

How long are wines aged in lees in COndrieu AOC?

A

10-12 weeks - utilizing lees stirring

152
Q

What is the price and quality of Condrieu AOC

A

very good to outstanding quality
premium to super premium in price

153
Q

What is the long appellation that runs from Condrieu to Cornas, nearly the entire length of the northern Rhone region (50km/30miles)

A

Saint-Joseph AOC

154
Q

Where is the historical heart of the region located in Saint Joseph AOC?

A

“lieu-dit” (name site) Saint Joseph - at southern end opposite Tain L’Hermitage

155
Q

What year was the Saint Joseph AOC appellation extended ?

A

1994 - which included some sites not on hillsides that normally produce lower-quality wines

156
Q

Describe the type of wines made in Saint Joseph AOC

A

about 90% are made red and although a small percentage of Roussanne and Marsanne are allowed to be blended in red, it is not a normal practice

157
Q

what is the max yield for Saint Joseph AOC

A

40 hl/ha

158
Q

What are the most common fermentation vessels used in Saint Joseph AOC

A

stainless steel and large wooden tanks

159
Q

What type of vessels are most commonly used for aging in Saint Joseph AOC

A

larger wooden tanks or large barrels
sometimes barriques are used

160
Q

What is the quality and price of Saint Joseph AOC

A

good to outstanding
mid priced to super premium priced

161
Q

What is the most famous of all northern Rhone appellations

A

Hermitage AOC

162
Q

How many ha is Hermitage AOC?

A

137ha virtually all planted

163
Q

How much of the ha in Hermitage AOC is devoted to white wine?

A

about 1/3

164
Q

Which bank of the river is Hermitage AOC on?

A

left bank as it flows south

165
Q

Where is Hermitage AOC situated along the river and why?

A

south facing slopes to catch the sun and gain protection from the cold wind

166
Q

Describe soils in Hermitage AOC

A

thin stony soils

167
Q

what is the climate in Hermitage AOC

A

hot and dry

168
Q

SAT for Hermitage AOC

A

Pronounced flavor intensity
high tannins (in reds)
longevity

169
Q

Where can Syrah be found in Hermitage AOC

A

the western end of the hill that has the highest temps

170
Q

What is a problem with vineyards in Hermitage AOC

A

erosion due to terraced

171
Q

How is vineyard work done in Hermitage AOC?

A

Hand

172
Q

What is the max yield in Hermitage AOC

A

whites = 45 hl/ha
reds = 40 hl/ha
rarely achieved and some producers have old vines giving low yields and highly concentrated wines

173
Q

Describe winemaking in Hermitage AOC for red wines

A

traditional
proportion of stems included in ripe vintages
warm fermentation = max extraction of flavors and tannins
lengthy oak aging (12-18 months)
medium to large wooden vessels
proportion of new oak is common but not always used

174
Q

Describe winemaking in Hermitage AOC for white wines

A

typically a blend of Roussanne and Marsanne or pure Marsanne.
fermentation is typically in old wooden vats, new or old oak barrels, or in stainless steel
maturation takes place in oak with the minority being new or stainless steel depending on preferred style
wines typically aged on lees for 10-12 months

175
Q

what happens to Hermitage AOC whites after long bottle aging

A

best wines develop rich, creamy, and nutty flavors with outstanding complexity

176
Q

What happens to wine in very ripe years in hermitage AOC?

A

a rare Vin de Paille is made - sweet wine made by drying grapes off the vine

177
Q

Which two negociant houses dominate the holdings in hermitage AOC

A

Chapoutier and Jaboulet

178
Q

What is the quality and price found in Hermitage AOC Wines

A

both red and white = very good to outstanding
mostly super premium in price

reds are a model of worlds most structured and long lived Syrah wines

179
Q

What is the largest of the northern appellations in Northern Rhone?

A

Crozes-Hermitage AOC

180
Q

How many ha do Crozes-Hermitage AOC cover and on which bank?

A

1700 ha on the left bank of Rhone

181
Q

Describe the location of Crozes-Hermitage AOC in RHone

A

surrounds the town of Tain L’Hermitage and the hill of Hermitage itself and extends almost equally to the north, east, and south of these.

182
Q

What is the climate of the north sector of Crozes-Hermitage AOC

A

continental climate with marked Alpine influences;
can be extremely cold in the winter with a strong influence from the Mistral

183
Q

What helps obtain a moderate sugar accumulation and retains acidity in northern sector of Crozes-Hermitage AOC?

A

long growing season and high diurnal range

184
Q

What is the climate of the southern sector of Crozes-Hermitage AOC?

A

more temperate than northern sector, although there can be heavy rainfall in late autumn and through winter

185
Q

When was the Crozes-Hermitage AOC first created?

A

1937 and extended in 1956 to the now 1700 ha

186
Q

What is the difference between the land to the north of Tain in Crozes-Hermitage AOC and the land in the south of Crozes-Hermitage AOC?

A

North = steep slopes
South = flat lands (machine harvest possible)

187
Q

How is Hermitage AOC and Crozes-Hermitage AOC differ in terms of soil?

A

Crozes-Hermitage AOC has deeper more fertile soil resulting in less concentrated wines.

188
Q

What are the max yields in Crozes-Hermitage AOC?

A

45 hl/ha

189
Q

What is the price and quality of wines found in Crozes-Hermitage AOC?

A

much are produced as mid priced; good to very good wines
there are also a number of high-quality, premium-priced

190
Q

Who produces high quality premium priced wines in Crozes-Hermitage AOC

A

Jaboulet’s Domaine de Thalabert

191
Q

Is carbonic and semi carbonic maceration used in Crozes-Hermitage AOC? Why?

A

yes, but it is rare. can be used to enhance fruitiness of wines that are meant to drink young

192
Q

What is typical fermentation method used in Crozes-Hermitage AOC

A

traditional fermentation on the skins for wines meant to be aged
destemming is widely practiced
fermentation in concrete tanks or stainless steel

193
Q

How are wines maturated in Crozes-Hermitage AOC

A

the concrete tanks or stainless steel used to ferment or possibly large oak vessels

194
Q

How much of the production do whites make up of in Crozes-Hermitage AOC? what grapes are they made from

A

9%
Marsanne (more planted) and Roussanne

195
Q

How are top white wines from Crozes-Hermitage AOC aged?

A

old wood, and occasionally proportion of new barrels

196
Q

What is the quality and price of Crozes-Hermitage AOC wines

A

mainly good to very good and mid-priced to premium with some outstanding wines

197
Q

What is the most southerly of the northern Rhone appellations for red wine productions?

A

Cornas AOC

198
Q

How are the vineyards in Cornas AOC in RHone planted?

A

natural south and east facing amphitheater with some steep slopes

199
Q

Describe the climate in Cornas AOC in Rhone

A

warm Mediterranean climate

200
Q

What are the characteristic of Cornas AOC that contribute to it being the first Syrah to be picked in Norther Rhone

A

climate, excellent aspect, and good protection from cold winds

201
Q

What style wines are made in Cornas AOC?

A

only red - must be 100% Syrah

202
Q

What is the max yield of Cornas AOC?

A

40 hl/ha

203
Q

How many ha in the appellation of Cornas AOC?

A

145 ha most are now planted

204
Q

What are Cornas AOC wines known for?

A

tannin intensity

205
Q

How do producers handle tannins in Cornas AOC?

A

some producers use small barrels to soften tannins but most trend toward robust and long-lived wines

206
Q

What is the quality and price of Cornas AOC wines?

A

very good to outstanding and premium to super premium in price

207
Q

What is the most southernly of the northern Rhone Appellations

A

Saint Peray AOC

208
Q

what is the climate of Saint Peray AOC

A

slightly cooler climate than its immediate neighbors

209
Q

what style wine does Saint Peray AOC produce

A

devoted to white wines
Marsanne vast majority of planting with some Rousanne
traditional method sparkling wines rarely made

210
Q

What type of soil does Saint Peray AOC have?

A

limestone and granitic soils
ensuring good water retention capacity and drainage

211
Q

What is the max permitted yield of Saint Peray AOC

A

45 hl/ha

212
Q

How are wines fermented in Saint Peray AOC?

A

stainless steel or in oak barrels

213
Q

How are wines aged in Saint Peray AOC

A

stainless steel or in oak barrels or old oak vessels
higher quality wines aged for 10-12 months

214
Q

Do producers stir the lees in Saint Peray AOC? why?

A

some producers to in order to add body to the wine

215
Q

What is the quality and price of Saint Peray AOC wines?

A

good to very good
mid to premium priced

216
Q

What category is used for red, white, and rose wines made from grapes grown outside of the AOCs in the northern Rhone

A

Collines Rhodanniennes IGP - hills of Rhone

217
Q

What are max yields for Collines Rhodanniennes IGP

A

80 hl/ha

218
Q

What grape varieties are allowed in Collines Rhodanniennes IGP

A

other varieties that are not allowed by AOC rules

219
Q

what is the price of Collines Rhodanniennes IGP wines

A

less expensive than AOC wines - typically mid to premium-priced

220
Q

What is the climate in southern Rhone?

A

warm Mediterranean with mild winters and very warm dry summers

221
Q

Describe the rainfall in Southern Rhone

A

overall rainfall is adequate for grape growing; drought is increasing problem in some summers

222
Q

Is irrigation permitted in Southern Rhone

A

permitted in severe drought and under strict rules

223
Q

Describe the land in Southern Rhone

A

the land is flatter with little protection from the Mistral wind

224
Q

How are vines trained in Southern RHone

A

low bush trained are common for suitable varietals (esp grenache Noir)
Syrah is typically tied to wires on trellises to protect it from the wine

225
Q

What is the most planted variety in southern Rhone

A

Grenache Noir

226
Q

name the appellations of Southern Rhone according to hierarchy

A

Cotes du Rhone AOC
Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC
Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC + named village, currently numbering 22 villages (eg Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC Seguret)
Individual appellations for the top villages of southern Rhone known as Cru: (Chateauneuf-du-Pape AOC, Gigondas AOC, Cairanne AOC, etc)

227
Q

What are the red wine regulations around varietals for southern Rhone AOC’s (ex Chateauneuf-du-Pape)?

A

grenache noir dominant blends with Mourvedre and Syrah along with other permitted varieties (ex carignan and Cinsault)

228
Q

What are the regulations for red, white and rose wines in southern Rhone?

A

distinguish between principal, complementary, and other permitted varieties

state total min proportion of principal varieties that must be used

229
Q

What vast appellation covers all vineyard land suitable for grape growing in southern Rhone (except other Rhone appellations)

A

Cotes du Rhone AOC

230
Q

What is the second largest appellation by ha planted in France? What does it come after?

A

Cotes du Rhone AOC
Bordeaux AOC

231
Q

What are the max yields for red, rose and white in Cote du Rhone AOC

A

51 hl/ha for all

232
Q

What are the white varieties are allowed in Cote du Rhone AOC

A

Marsanne, Roussanne, Viognier, Grenache Blanc, Clairette, Bourboulenc

many other local varieties including Piquepoul Blanc

233
Q

What are the regulations around Cote du Rhone Villages AOC for red wines?

A

similar to Cote du Rhone AOC but requires final blend to be min of 66% of at least two of the three principal varietals and must include Grenache Noir

234
Q

What are max yields for Cote du RHone Village AOC

A

44 hl/ha

235
Q

What are max yields for Cote du Rhone Villages AOC = named village

A

41 ha/hl

236
Q

What are max yields for southern Rhone crus?

A

35 hl/ha - Chateauneuf-du-pape
36-38 hl/ha in red wines of other villages

237
Q

SAT for red Cotes du Rhone AOC

A

medium intensity ruby
medium intensity red plum, blackberry fruit
no oak flavors
med acidity
med tannins (or low if made by carbonic maceration)
med alcohol
good quality
inexpensive in price

238
Q

When was Gigondas AOC granted AOC?

A

1971

239
Q

How high above sea level is Gigondas AOC?

A

600 m

240
Q

What mountains shade Gigondas AOC and how does this impact the vineyards?

A

Dentelles de Montmirall Mountains
reduces temps in mornings extending time for maturation and increases the flavor in resulting wines

241
Q

What are two things that have become increasingly valued in Gigondas AOC in helping Grenache Noir keeping alcohol levels down

A

cooler temperatures and cooling effects of Mistral

242
Q

What is the final blend in Gigondas AOC based on in terms of varietals?

A

Grenache Noir (at least 50%) and at least one of Syrah or Mourvedre

243
Q

When was Vacqueyras AOC granted AOC status?

A

1990

244
Q

What is the elevation of Vacqueyras AOC? what does this provide?

A

440 m
diurnal variation but not threatening ripeness in cooler years

245
Q

What types of wines are made in Vacqueyras?

A

small amounts of white and rose

246
Q

what is the final blend based on in Vacqueyras AOC

A

principal variety is Grenache Noir (at least 50%) and at least Syrah or Mourvedre

247
Q

What is the price and quality of Vacqueyras AOC wine?

A

good to very good
mid to premium priced

248
Q

What is the price and quality of Gigondas AOC wine?

A

good to very good
mid to premium priced

249
Q

What is the most northernly of the southern Rhone crus?

A

Vinsobres AOC

250
Q

When was Vinsobres given separate AOC status?

A

2006 - prior was named village within Cote du Rhone Villages AOC

251
Q

what kind of planting is Vinobres AOC dominated by

A

Grenache Noir - however recently more Syrah has been planted and grown

252
Q

What does Syrah contribute to Vinobres AOC blends?

A

flavor intensity, structure and color

253
Q

What style wines are made in Vinsobres AOC

A

exclusively red

254
Q

what is the final blend based on in Vinsobres AOC

A

principal variety is Grenache Noir (at least 50%) and at least Syrah or Mourvedre

255
Q

Where are vineyards found in Vinsobres AOC? why?

A

south, southeast facing slopes of 200-500m
giving good sunlight interception, good drainage, and some protection from the Mistral

256
Q

What happens on higher slopes in Vinsobres AOC?

A

they are cooler, which lengthens the period of ripening and increases the flavor intensity

257
Q

Why are Cinsault and Carignan plots valued in Vinsobres AOC?

A

the older plots are increasingly valued for their high quality fruit

258
Q

What is the standard quality and price of Vinsobres AOC wines?

A

good to very good and mid to premium-priced

259
Q

Describe Rasteau AOC

A

promoted to AOC in 2020 for its red wine - although it does produce a small amount of VDN.

260
Q

What varietals are used in Rasteau?

A

prinicpal = Grenache Noir with at least 50% and then at least one of Syrah or Mourvedre

261
Q

Where are vines planted in rasteau?

A

on low south facing slopes (100m) in a warm enclave sheltered from the Mistral which results in ripe full bodied wines

262
Q

Is irrigation allowed in Rasteau?

A

yes within limits set

263
Q

How is wine fermented in Rasteau?

A

large vats esp concrete and matured in large oak vessels

some higher quality Syrah is aged in small barrels at additional cost

264
Q

What is quality and price for Rasteau wines?

A

good to very good
mid to premium priced

265
Q

Describe Cairanne AOC

A

a new AOC created in 2015, not as steep as Gigondas or as warm as Rasteau

produces red wines mainly in a fruity and approachable style

266
Q

What is the final blend made from in Cairanne AOC?

A

Grenache Noir (40%)
and at least one Syrah or Mourvedre

267
Q

Describe the white wine produced in Cairanne AOC

A

the small amount produced is known for its quality

268
Q

Describe Beaumes de Venise AOC

A

best known for VDN, it also includes unfortified red wines from 2005

most vineyards are on slopes some slightly shaded by Dentelles de montmirail

269
Q

What is the final blend made of in Beaumes de Venise AOC

A

based on principal grape - Grenache Noir with which Syrah must together make up 50% of the blend

270
Q

What does Chateauneuf-du Pape AOC owe its fame to?

A

the village and the appellation owe fame to the fact that the Pope had his summer residence there in the 14th C

271
Q

What were the regulations that Baron du Roy of Chateau Fortia drew up in 1923 for the first prototype of an AOC in France

A

region delimination of where grapes had to be grown
stipulated use of 13 varieties of grapes (18 if you count the colors of varieties)
min alcohol of 12.5% without chaptalization
allows both red and white (more than 90% is red)

272
Q

What is the red wine made from in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

principally Grenache Noir with Mourvedre and Syrah

273
Q

What is the white wine made from in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

Grenache Blanc, Clairette, Bourboulenc and Roussane

274
Q

What two white varieties are not permitted in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

Viognier and Marsanne

275
Q

What is causing attention to be drawn to Mourvedre?

A

intense black fruit

276
Q

What makes Mourvedre difficult to succeed?

A

need sufficient moisture in the soil

277
Q

How are grapes harvested in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

they must be picked by hand

278
Q

What are the stipulations on varietals for Chateauneuf du Pape and how does this impact wines?

A

there are no stipulations and therefore single varietal wines can be made

279
Q

How large is Chateauneuf du Pape AOC?

A

3000 ha

280
Q

What kind of soils does Chateauneuf du Pape have?

A

limestone, clay, sandstone, and sandy soils

clay being helping in its water holding capacity in a region with dry summers.

281
Q

What leads to smaller crops of ripe grapes in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

low fertility and generally fast-draining soils are highly suitable for growing vines and reducing vegetative growth

282
Q

what were average yields for the decade to 2018

A

just under 30 hl/ha

283
Q

What are galets roules

A

large pebbles that radiate heat at night adding to the warming effect in Chateauneuf du Pape

284
Q

What is warming climate contributing to in grapes?

A

higher sugar levels

285
Q

How do many producers gain more complexity in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

blending across lieux dits and soil types

286
Q

What do producers believe about wines from soil types that are sandy in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

wines are finer and lighter in style

287
Q

What do producers believe about wines from soils types that have more large pebbles in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

wines are more structured

288
Q

General SAT for Chateauneuf du Pape red wines

A

med ruby in color
med+ to pronounced intensity of ripe red plum and blackberry fruit with spice notes and sometimes new oak notes
med acidity
high alcohol
tannins vary from med - to high
good to outstanding
mid priced to super premium

289
Q

What varietals are used to make white Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Roussane, and other local varieties

290
Q

How are white wines fermented in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

some high-quality ones are fermented in oak barrels for additional complexity while other are not in order to preserve fruitiness and freshness

291
Q

How are white wines matured in Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

either in tanks or oak barrels occassionally with a proportion of new oak

292
Q

what has been the newest trend for white wines from Chateauneuf du Pape?

A

more floral, lighter and fresher in style

293
Q

Where can you find Lirac AOC?

A

across the river from Chateauneuf du Pape AOC

294
Q

What kinds of wines are found in Lirac AOC?

A

red, some rose and white wines

295
Q

What are the principal varieties of red wines in Lirac AOC?

A

Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvedre and Cinsault which together must make up 90% of the final blend

296
Q

What makes for good growing conditions in Lirac AOC?

A

high sunlight hours and well drained infertile soils

297
Q

Who are some significant producers from Lirac AOC?

A

Domaine de la Mordoree

298
Q

Which appellation is solely dedicated to rose wines?

A

Tavel AOC

299
Q

How many varietals are allowed in Tavel AOC?

A

12 - no varietal may make up more than 60% of the final blend

300
Q

What must the final blend of Tavel AOC wine be made of?

A

Grenache Noir

301
Q

What is the max yield in Tavel AOC?

A

46 hl/ha

302
Q

General SAT for Tavel wines

A

med intensity
pink orange
much darker than other roses
med to med + intensity of strawberry, raspberry fruit
med+ to full body
med alcohol but at the top end
good to very good
mid to premium priced

303
Q

What else do “other Rhone Appellations” often go by?

A

satellite appellations

304
Q

Where are the other Rhone Appellations found

A

surrounding Cote du Rhone in Southern Rhone

305
Q

What are the largest other Rhone Appellations by production level?

A

Costieres de Nimes, Grignan les Adhemar, Ventoux, and Luberon

306
Q

Where is Ventoux appellation located?

A

in south-east of Southern Rhone on southern and western slopes below high Mont Ventoux

307
Q

What is Mont Ventoux

A

an important cooling influence in Ventoux appellation due to the altitude and cool air coming down from the top of the mountain giving freshness to the wines

308
Q

HOw high are vines grown in Ventoux appellation?

A

450 m

309
Q

What are the percentages of each wine style made in Ventoux appellation?

A

almost 2/3 = red
1/3 = rose
very small proportion made of white

310
Q

What are the principal varietals found in ventoux?

A

Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvedre, Carignan, and Cinsault for reds which must be 50% of final blend and at least 2 varieties must be included

311
Q

What is max yield in Ventoux

A

60 hl/ha - leading to wines with light concentration

312
Q

How much does Ventoux appellation export?

A

about 1/4 of their production
co-operatives are very important in this area

313
Q

What are the quality and prices of Ventoux wines?

A

good to very good
inexpensive to mid-priced with a few premium priced

314
Q

Where does Costieres de Nimes AOC lie?

A

between the Rhone and eastern Languedoc
southwest limit of the Rhone region

315
Q

Where are vines grown in Costieres de Nimes AOC

A

on southwest facing slopes making for good sunlight interception and is ventilated by breezes from the Mediterranean

316
Q

What types of wines are produced in Costieres de Nimes AOC

A

almost 2/3 are red wines
1/3 rose
small proportion fo white

317
Q

What varietals are used for Costieres de Nimes AOC

A

principal varietals for red are Grenache Noir, Syrah, Mourvedre which together or singly must make up 50% of the final blend

318
Q

What is the max yield for Costieres de Nimes AOC

A

60 hl/ha

319
Q

What are Costieres de Nimes AOC wineries mostly dominated by in recent years?

A

move from co-operatives to more smaller privately owned estates

320
Q

Quality and prices for Costieres de Nimes AOC

A

good to very good
inexpensive to mid priced with few wines at premium price

321
Q

Where is Luberon AOC found?

A

the southeast of Rhone Valley and borders Provence

322
Q

Where are vines planted in Luberon AOC?

A

gentle slopes or flat land

323
Q

What are the principal varietals found in Luberon AOC?

A

Grenache Noir, Syrah, and Mourvedre

324
Q

What is teh final blend made of in Luberon AOC?

A

it must include at least two of principals which singly or together must make up min of 50% of the blend

325
Q

What is max yield for Luberon AOC?

A

55 hl/ha

326
Q

What is quality and price of Luberon AOC?

A

good to very good
inexpensive to mid priced with a few at premium price

327
Q

Where is the Grignan les Adhemar AOC located?

A

northern end of the southern Rhone

328
Q

What kind of wines does Grignan les Adhemar AOC produce

A

many red blends that must have min 50% of principal Grenache Noir and Syrah in a slightly lighter style than other areas

plus white and roses

329
Q

What is the quality and prince of Grignan les Adhemar AOC

A

good to very good
inexpensive to mid priced

330
Q

What are IGP wines in southern Rhone?

A

may be made in addition to AOC wines = made from Rhone varieties or international varieties

331
Q

Explain irrigation in Rhone

A

AOCs may apply for permission to irrigate under strict conditions with proof of water stress and no irrigation allowed after verasion. in no circumstances can irrigation be used to exceed max yield allowed by individual AOC

332
Q

Where are many negociants located in Rhone

A

located in north but do business throughout the

333
Q

How are sales divided in france for rhone wines?

A

supermarkets - 32%
specialist wine retail and hospitality = 29%
and discounters - 6%

334
Q

How much wine is exported from Rhone and what are the three top markets?

A

33%
USA, UK and Belgium

335
Q

What is happening in Rhone as the value of wine has risen?

A

more growers are making and bottling their own wines rather than selling to negociants or taking grapes to a co-operative

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