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CAM III > Rheumatology part I > Flashcards

Rheumatology part I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of spondyloarthritis/spondyloarthropathy?

A 
Ankylosing spondylitis (MC)
Axial spondyloarthritis
Peripheral spondyloarthritis
Reactive arthritis (formerly known as Reiter's syndrome)
Psoriatic arthritis
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2
Q

What type of spondyloarthritis/spondyloarthropathy is associated with IBD?

A

Enteropathic arthritis/spondylitis

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3
Q

How does spondyloarthritis differ from other types of arthritis?

A

It involves the sites where ligaments and tendons attach to bones- enthesitis

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4
Q

What are the two main ways in which sx present in spondyloarthritis?

A

Inflammation causing pain and stiffness, most often of the spine. Some forms can affect the hands and feet or arms and legs
Bone destruction causing deformities of the spine and poor function of the shoulders and hips

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5
Q

What is the cause of ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Hereditary
Many genes cause it
The major gene involved is HLA-B27

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6
Q

Cause of enteropathic arthritis

A

Unclear

Ppl with HLA-B27 are more likely to have this form of arthritis than those without the gene

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7
Q

Predominant axial manifestations of spondyloarthritis

A

Inflammation of sacroiliac joints

Inflammation of the spine

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8
Q

Predominant peripheral involvement in spondyloarthritis

A

Peripheral arthritis
Enthesitis
Dactylitis

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9
Q

Enthesitis

A

Inflammation of the entheses, the sites where tendons or ligaments insert into the bone
Entheses:
-Where recurring stress or inflammatory autoimmune dz can cause infammation
-Or occasional fibrosis
-And calcification

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10
Q

What is the one of the primary entheses involved in inflammatory autoimmune dz

A

The heel, particularly the Achilles tendon

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11
Q

Sx of enthesitis

A

Multiple points of tenderness at the heel, tibial tuberosity, iliac crest and other tendon insertion sites

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12
Q

Diagnosis of spondyloarthritis

A 
Pelvic X-ray looking for inflammatory changes in the sacroiliac joints
X-ray changes of the sacroiliac joints, known as scoroiliitis, are a key sign of spondyloarthritis
Spinal X-rays
For more definitive assessment, order MRI
CXR
ANA
ESR
CBC
CMP
UA
CRP
HLA-B27 marker
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13
Q

HLA-B27

A

A specific type of protein that contributes to immune system dysfunction.
The presence of HLA-B27 on WBCs can cause the immune system to attack otherwise healthy cells

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14
Q

Tx of spondyloarthritis

A

PT and do joint-directed exercises
NSAIDs (naproxen, ibuprofen, meloxicam or indomethacin)
For joint swelling that is localized, injections of corticosteroids into joints or tendon sheaths can be effective quickly.
For pts who do not respond to the above lines of treatment, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs, such as sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) might be effective
Oral corticosteroids are not advised

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15
Q

DMARDs

A

Group of meds commonly used in pts with RA
Also used in treating other conditions, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and SLE
Work to decrease pain and inflammation, to reduce or prevent joint damage, and to preserve the structure and function of the joints
Work to suppress the body’s inflammatory systems
Take effect over weeks or mos

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16
Q

Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the joints of the axial skeleton strongly associated with HLA-B27

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17
Q

Populations with higher incidence of HLA-B27 positive

A

Native Americans
Asian populations (except Japanese)
European and US Caucasian

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18
Q

Low prevalence HLA-B27 groups

A

South American Indians
Japanese
African Americans

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19
Q

Back pain in ankylosing spondylitis

A

Starts with dull low back radiating to gluteal area
Progresses up spine to ultimately involve neck
Accompanied with constitutional sx:
-Anorexia
-Malaise
-Low-grade fever

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20
Q

S/sx of ankylosing spondylitis

A

Onset before age 40
Insidious onset
Duration longer than 3 mos
Pain worse in morning
Morning stiffness lasts longer than 30 mins
Pain decreases with exercise or activity
Pain provoked by prolonged inactivity or lying down
Normal lumbar curve is flattened and thoracic curvature exaggerated

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21
Q

Other systemic signs of ankylosing spondylitis

A 
Acute anterior uveitis (nongranulomatous)
Microscopic colitis (often asymptomatic)
Cardiac involvement rare
-Aortic insufficiency
-Aortitis
-Conduction defects
Arrhythmias
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22
Q

Pulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis

A

Restrictive lung dz
Restricted costovertebral mobility
Apical lobe fibrosis

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23
Q

Neurologic involvement in ankylosing spondylitis

A

Spine fxs or dislocations
Cauda equina syndrome
Altantoaxial subluxation

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24
Q

PE of ankylosing spondylitis

A

Lumbar lordosis flattened
Thoracic kyphosis exaggerated
Cervical spine hyperextended
Test for ROM loss at lumbar spine
-Decreased lateral bending and lumbar extension
Enthesopathy- hallmark of spondyloarthopathies- can manifest as swelling of Achilles tendon or plantar fasciitis

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25
Q

X-ray findings in ankylosing spondylitis

A 
Initially: bony sclerosis appears as squaring of vertebrae
Next: osteitis of vertebral margins 
Late: annulus fibrosus ossifies
Syndesmosphytes between vertebrae
Classic bamboo spine apearance
Progresses up spine
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26
Q

Special X-ray views in ankylosing spondylitis

A

Ferguson’s view (specialized sacroiliac view)
Bone scan
MRI spine

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27
Q

Labs in ankylosing spondylitis

A 
HLA-B27- found in 90% of Caucasian pts
CRP- usually elevated in 75%
ESR- usually elevated in 75%
ANA
CBC
CMP
UA
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28
Q

1st line tx ankylosing spondylitis

A

NSAIDs
Indomethacin (up to max 50 mg PO TID)
Tolmetin 400 mg PO TID-QID

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29
Q

2nd line tx ankylosing spondylitis

A

TNF-alpha inhibitors- Etanercept (Enbrel)- helps best to reduce inflammatory activity of spinal dz and improve mobility
DMARDs
-Sulfasalazine
–Effective peripheral arthritis pain reduction
–Less effective for axial skeleton sx and not shown to improve mobility
-Inflixamab (Remicade)
–For ankylosing spondylitis plus IBD and iritis better than Enbrel

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30
Q

Meds to avoid in ankylosing spondylitis

A

Long-term systemic corticosteroids

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31
Q

Epidemiology of reactive arthritis

A

MC autoimmune inflammatory polyarthritis in young men

More commonly affect men by ratio of 9:1

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32
Q

Pathophysiology of reactive arthritis

A

Associated with HLA-B27 genotype in approximately 50-80% of pts
Oligoarthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis, and mouth ulcers most common features
Usually follows dysentery (shigella, salmonella, campylobacter) or an STI, but could follow other infections such as strep A within 1-4 wks

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33
Q

Infectious agents in reactive arthritis diarrheal illness

A 
Shigella
C. difficile
Salmonella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Campylobacter jejuni
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34
Q

Nonspecific urethritis in ankylosing spondylitis

A

C. trachomatis

Ureaplasma urealyticum

35
Q

DDx of reactive arthritis

A 
Ankylosing spondylitis
Colitic arthritis
Gonococcal arthritis
SLE
Lyme dz
Psoriatic arthritis
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Gouty arthritis
36
Q

Clinical presentation of reactive arthritis

A

Constitutional
-Wt loss
-Fever up to 102
-Mild conjunctivitis in some pts/possible anterior uveitis
-Watch for carditis and aortic regurg
Arthritis onset 1-4 wks after GI or GU infection is cleared- can persist for mos

37
Q

Classic clinical triad of reactive arthritis

A

Infrequently present-only 1/3 of the time
Arthritis
Conjunctivitis
Urethritis

38
Q

Asymmetric oligoarticular arthritis in ankylosing spondylitis

A

2-4 joints
Affects lower extremities most commonly
Large knee effusion/ankle
Sausage-shaped fingers and toes

39
Q

Enthesitis in ankylosing spondylitis

A

Achilles tendonitis
Plantar fasciitis
Patellofemoral syndrome

40
Q

S/sx of reactive arthritis

A 
Seronegative asymmetric arthritis following:
-Urethritis or cervicitis
-Infectious diarrhea
Often associated with:
-Inflammatory eye dz
-Balanitis, oral ulceration or keratodermia
-Enesthopathy
-Sacroiliitis
41
Q

Other musculoskeletal involvement in reactive arthritis

A

Anterolateral ribs
Pubic symphysis
Iliac crest

42
Q

GI and reactive arthritis

A

Precedes arthritis by 1-4 wks

Acute diarrhea

43
Q

GU and reactive arthritis

A 
Precedes arthritis by 1-4 wks
Urethritis
Cervicitis
Cystitis
Hematuria
Hydronephrosis
44
Q

Circinate blanitis in reactive arthritis

A

Shallow painless gray-border ulcer of glans penis

45
Q

Skin changes in reactive arthritis

A

Keratoderma blenorrhagica

Hyperkeratotic papules on plantar foot surface

46
Q

Ulcers in reactive arthritis

A 
Painless, shallow oral ulcers:
Tongue
Lip
Pharyngeal
Palate and buccal mucosa
47
Q

Eye changes in reactive arthritis

A

Conjunctivitis

Acute anterior uveitis

48
Q

CV changes in reactive arthritis

A

Aortitis
Aortic insufficiency
Conduction abnormality with potential heart block

49
Q

Work up for reactive arthritis

A 
CBC
ESR is increased
CRP is increased
Joint fluid exam
Consider HLA-B27 testing, but dx is generally made by clinical findings
50
Q

Joint fluid exam in reactive arthritis

A

Synovial fluid WBC: 15-30K per mm cubed
Neutrophils predominant on differential (>66%)
Nl joint fluid glucose
No synovial fluid crystals on polarized microscopy
X-ray of sacro-iliac joint: pos in only 40-70%

51
Q

Management of reactive arthritis

A

NSAIDs: Indomethacin SR
Consider DMARDs if not responding to NSAIDs
Doxycycline for 3-6 mos
-Indicated for suspected chlamydia etiology
Topical corticosteroid cream for keratoderma blenorrhagica
NO systemic corticosteroids

52
Q

Prognosis of reactive arthritis

A

Self-limited: resolves over 3-12 mos usually

Chronic arthritis may develop in up to 30% of cases

53
Q

Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis

A

No gender predominance

Onset is usually 2 yrs after the 1st psoriatic skin lesions

54
Q

Pathophysiology of psoriatic arthritis

A

Spondyloarthropay- sacroiliac joint involved commonly

Seronegative inflammatory arthritis (only ESR may be elevated)

55
Q

Distal interphalangeal arthritis in psoriatic arthritis

A

Adjacent nails may show psoriatic change

Progressive bony erosions occur

56
Q

Arthritis mutilans- psoriatic arthritis

A

Severe ostolysis
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Metacarpals

57
Q

Types of psoriatic arthritis

A

Symmetric polyarthritis
-RA similarities: prominent metacarpal dz, prominent proximal interphalangeal joint dz
Monoarticular with DIP joints mainly affected and nail pitting

58
Q

Differences between psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis

A 
Milder course than RA
No extra-articular RA signs
No subcutaneous nodules
No vasculitis
No pulmonary involvement
RF seronegative
59
Q

Oligoarthritis in psoriatic arthritis

A

> 50-70% of cases
Asymmetric joint involvement (<4 joints)
Often presents as arthritis in one knee

60
Q

Arthritis mutilans in psoriatic arthritis

A

Severe deforming arthritis in which osteolysis is marked

61
Q

Psoriatic spondylitis

A 
Anklyosing spondylitis type spine involvement
50% associated with HLA-B27
Atypical axial skeleton involvement
Lumbar spine most commonly affected
Sacroiliitis (30%)
62
Q

Asymmetric oligoarthritis in psoriatic arthritis

A

Involves the knee or any large joint with a few small joints in the fingers and toes
Metarsophalangeal
Proximal and distal interphalangeal
Dactylitis

63
Q

Clinical presentation of psoriatic arthritis

A 
Inflammatory arthritis
-Asymmetrical distal joint involvement often
-Joint pain and tenderness to palpation
-Peripheral joint and spine stiffness
--Occurs >30 mins in morning and after inactivity
Classic psoriatic plaques
-Look at typical sites on extensor knee and elbow
-Examine scalp, ears, trunk
Nail pitting or onycholysis
Dactylitis
Enthesitis
Other MS involvement:
-Sternoclavicular joint involvement
-Tempromandibular joint involvement
64
Q

DDx of psoriatic arthritis

A 
Reactive arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
RA
Septic arthritis
Gouty arthritis
HIV infection
65
Q

Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis (CASPAR)

A

Established inflammatory articular dz with at least 3 points from the following features:
Current psoriasis- 2
Hx of psoriasis (in the absence of current psoriasis)- 1
FHx of psoriasis (in the absence of current psoriasis and hx of psoriasis)-1
Dactylitis- 1
Juxta-articular new-bone formation- 1
RF negativity- 1
Nail dystrophy- 1

66
Q

Labs for psoriatic arthritis

A 
RF neg
ESR increased
CBC
-Mild normocytic normochromic anemia
Uric acid elevated (hyperuricemia) in severe psoriasis but gout risk is not increased
67
Q

X-ray of involved joints in psoriatic arthritis

A

Bony erosions
Pencil-in-a-cup deformity at DIP joints
-Whittling of proximal phalanx
-Expanded base of distal phalanx

68
Q

Spine X-ray (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) in psoriatic arthritis

A

Bamboo spine of ankylosing spondylitis rarely occurs
Asymmetric sacroiliitis
Asymmetric paravertebral ossification

69
Q

Management of psoriatic arthritis

A 
Treat underlying psoriasis
PT
-Learn to protect affected joints
-Perform strengthening and ROM exercises
NSAIDs in mild cases
70
Q

EULAR recommendations for psoriatic arthritis tx

A

NSAIDs for relief of MS s/sx
Tx with DMARDs should be considered at an early stage for pts with active dz
Adjunctive tx with local corticosteroids should be considered
Cautious use of systemic steroids, if administered at the lowest effective dose, can also be considered
If active psoriatic arthritis fails to adequately respond to DMARDs, TNF-inhibitor therapy should be employed

71
Q

Examples of DMARDs

A

Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Methotrexate (avoid in HIV infection)
Cyclosporine (avoid in HIV infection)
Leflunomide (Arava)- benefits some specifically with psoriatic arthritis

72
Q

Example of TNF-a inhibitors

A

Adalimumab (Humira)
Etanercept (Enbrel)
Infliximab (Remicade)
Ustekinumabe (Stelara)- marketed specifically for psoriatic arthritis

73
Q

Example of PDE-4 inhibitor

A

Apremilast (Otezia)

74
Q

General characteristics of OA

A

Most common arthropathy among adults, particularly the elderly
Progressive loss of articular cartilage with reactive changes in the bone
90% of ppl 40 yoa and older will have X-ray evidence of dz process

75
Q

What the bone will look like in OA

A 
Bone and cartilage fragments
Cartilage breaking down
Eroded cartilage
Joint fluid with low concentration of hyaluronan
Osteophytes
76
Q

RFs of OA

A

Obesity- risk for OA in knee, hand, and hip
Competitive contact sports (but not recreational running)
Jobs with frequent bending and carrying can lead to knee osteoarthritis

77
Q

Primary OA

A 
DIP, PIP joints
CMC joint of thumb
Hip
Knee
MTP joint of the big toe
Cervical and lumbar spine
78
Q

Secondary OA

A

ANY JOINT, as an outcome of articular injury resulting from dzs such as RA or
-Extra-articular causes: acute injury, or chronic overuse of joint

79
Q

Sx of OA

A

Insidious, with initial stiffness- lasting <15 mins
Later develops pain on motion of affected joint and worse by activity or weight bearing and relieved by rest
Flexion contracture or varus deformity, bony enlargements of DIP and PIP are prominent

80
Q

Clinical features of OA

A 
Decreased ROM, joint crepitus and pain worsening throughout the day
The fingers at the DIP joints with latter stage development of Heberden's nodes and the PIP joints with  with Bouchard's nodes
Hips, knees, and spine are commonly affected
MCP joints (except the thumb) are spared as well as the ankles and elbows
Joints can become unstable during the late stages of the dz
81
Q

Dx of OA

A

Lab tests are nonspecific-ESR is nl
X-rays show asymmetric narrowing, subchrondral sclerosis, cysts and marginal osteophytes (bone spurs)- in mid to late stages

82
Q

Tx of OA

A

1st line- APAP
2nd line- NSAIDs (chronic use should be paired with PPI)
3rd line: intra-articular injections- can be repeated four times a year (not for use in hand)
4th line: surgical joint replacement

83
Q

NSAID risk in OA

A

Ultimately inhibit prostaglandins that will relieve inflammation and pain
-Prostaglandins also help maintain homeostasis in several organs, esp the stomach where prostaglandin is needed for gastric mucosal cell protection
Prostaglandin maintains homeostasis by regulation of COX-1. COX-2 is generally only expressed in inflammatory tissues. Most NSAIDs block both COX-1 and COX-2.
-COX-2 inhibitors have been found to be less likely to cause GI events but still can produce renal toxicity in some pts and increase risk of CV events the same as NSAIDs

CAM III (12 decks)

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