Rheumatology Flashcards
Name some recognised systemic manifestations of SLE
Alopecia Vasculitis Epilepsy Polyneuritis Stroke Chorea Pleurisy Atelectasis Pulmonary fibrosis
In a patient presenting with low back pain, what are 3 important factors to ask about in the history?
Neurological symptoms in legs: weakness, numbness, paraesthesia
Urinary/bowel symptoms: incontinence
FH of ankylosing spondylitis
What are the Calin criteria for inflammatory back pain?
Age of patient at onset: under 40 (1) Insidious onset (1) Morning stiffness (1) Persistence for months: over 3 (1) Response to exercise: improves (1)
HLA B27 test has 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity in a population with chronic back pain for ank spond. In that population 5% will have ank spond. What are the chances of a patient with chronic back pain and a positive HLAB27 having ank spond?
about 30%
200 people with chronic back pain, 10 will have ank spond
Of those 10, 9 will test positive for HLAB27 (sensitivity)
Of the 190 that don’t have it, 10% false positive rate so 19. Out of 200 tests: 9 positives from people with AS, 19 positives from people without AS. So 9/28 chance = around 30%
What blood results would make you suspect that a patient has Paget’s disease of the bone?
Raised alkaline phosphatase
Plasma calcium, phosphate and aminotransferase all normal
What is osgood schlatter disease?
Tension at patella tendon leading to avulsion fracture
Symptoms of pain and swelling over tibial tubercle
What is osgood schlatter disease?
Tension at patella tendon leading to avulsion fracture
Symptoms of pain and swelling over tibial tubercle
What is an enthesis?
Where tendon inserts into bone, where the collagen fibres are mineralised and integrated into bone tissue
What is a bursa?
Fluid filled sac located between a bone and tendon which normally serves to reduce friction between two moving surfaces
How can you differentiate between articular and periarticular problems?
Articular: pain all planes, active = passive, capsular swelling/effusion, joint line tenderness, diffuse erythema/heat
Periarticular: pain in plane of tendon, active > passive, linear swelling, localised tenderness, localised erythema/heat
What is flexor tenosynovitis?
Inflammation of flexor tendon sheaths
Pain and stiffness in flexor finger/thumb, may extend to wrist
Reduced active flexion, crepitus, thickened tender tendon sheaths
May be associated with nodule – trigger finger
Can be associated with RA, Diabetes
What is treatment for flexor tenosynovitis?
Injection hydrocortisone
Surgery
What is de Quervains tenosynovitis? How can you test for it?
Inflammation of tendon sheath containing extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons
Pain, swelling radial wrist
Localised tenderness, crepitus, pain worse over radial styloid
Positive Finkelstein’s test
What is Finklesteins test?
With thumb flexed across the palm of the hand, ask patient to move the wrist into flexion and ulnar deviation
Positive if reproduces pain
What is the management for de Quervains tenosynovitis?
Rest from precipitating activity
Splintage
Steroid injection
Surgery
What conditions can precipitate carpal tunnel syndrome?
Diabetes Hypothyroidism RA Pregnancy Acromegaly Vasculitis Trauma Amyloid Sarcoid
What does the median nerve supply in the hand?
Lateral two lumbricals Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Sensory: Palmar surface thumb, lateral 2 1/2 digits
What are clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome?
Numbness/parasthesia in median nerve distribution Pain, can radiate up arm Worse at night Hang hand over end of bed Weakness of thumb (abduction) Thenar wasting Positive Tinel’s/Phalen’s
What investigation can be done for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Nerve conduction studies show reduced nerve conduction velocities across wrist
What is the management for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Avoidance of precipitating activity
Night time splints
Local steroid injection
Surgery – division of flexor retinaculum and decompression of carpal tunnel (80% success)
What are tennis and golfers elbows?
Tennis elbow: lateral epicondylitis, inflammation common extensor origin
Golfer’s elbow: medial epicondylitis, inflammation common flexor origin
Pain localised to specific area
Elbow flexion/extension does not cause pain
Pain upon: resisted wrist extension (Tennis)
resisted wrist flexion (Golfer’s)
What is management for tennis and golfers elbows?
Rest from precipitating activity Elbow clasps Local corticosteroid injection Physiotherapy – ultrasound and acupuncture Surgery (often ineffective)
What problems can occur with the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatous tendinitis/rupture Rotator cuff tear Adhesive capsultitis (frozen shoulder) Acute calcific supraspinatous tendonitis Subacromial bursitis Acromioclavicular joint OA
What are the muscles of the rotator cuff and what are their functions?
Supraspinatous - abduction
Infraspinatous – external rotation
Teres minor – external rotation
Subscapularis – internal rotation
What is rotator cuff syndrome? And what test can be done for it?
Spectrum from mild supraspinatus tendinitis to complete tendon rupture
Chronic impingement of cuff under acromial arch
Pain often over acromial area extending into deltoid
Painful mid arc
Impingement test – abducted, flexed and internally rotated
Supraspinatus stress
How can a rotator cuff problem be investigated?
USS
What is the management for rotator cuff syndrome?
Rest, NSAIDs
Local steroid injection around tendon – subacromial space and PT
If chronic/rupture refer to Orthopaedics for surgical opinion
What is acute calcific supraspinatus tendonitis?
Calcium hydroxyapatite deposition near supraspinatus enthesis
Young adults, F>M, acute pain over several hours
Normally resolves over few days
What is the management for acute calcific supraspinatus tendonitis?
Minor – NSAID
Moderate – consider steroid injection
Severe – consider aspirating calcified material
What is adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)?
Progressive pain and stiffness
Global reduction in movement, but particularly external rotation
Three phases: Pain (3-5 months), Adhesive phase (4-12 months), Recovery phase (12-42 months)
Associated with diabetes
Most patients recover by 30 months, but still have reduced movements
What is the management for frozen shoulder?
Analgesia, NSAIDs, Physiotherapy, steroid injection
Surgical opinion in difficult cases (manipulation under anaesthesia)
What are signs/symptoms of acromoclavicular joint OA?
High arc pain
Local tenderness
Adduction painful
Impingement
What is trochanteric bursitis?
Inflammation of superficial and deep bursa that separates gluteus muscles from posterior and lateral side of greater trochanter of the femur
Boring pain over lateral aspect of hip
May radiate down lateral thigh
Worse on walking or lying in bed at night
Localised tenderness upon pressure over greater trochanter
What is the management of trochanteric bursitis?
Rest
Analgesia
Steroid injection
Physio
What is Achilles’ tendonitis?
Inflammation of the achilles tendon
Sometimes at enthesis
Sometimes in middle avascular portion of tendon
Can be seen with seronegatives
Localised pain and swelling of Achilles tendon, with difficulty walking