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CCE > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial otitis externa?

A

Gentamicin drops

Steroid drops

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2
Q

Why does having a hearing aid increase the risk of otitis externa?

A

Keeps air in auditory canal continuously moist

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3
Q

What can overuse of gentamicin ear drops lead to?

A

Secondary fungal infection

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4
Q

A 57 year old mechanic presents with unilateral left sided tinnitus and hearing loss. On examination you notice he is unable to abduct his left eye. What is the likely cause?

A

Acoustic neuroma

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5
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Keratinising squamous epithelium that grow and invade structures in the middle ear so patient can present with facial nerve problems, sensorineural hearing loss, purulent discharge

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6
Q

Why might a patient with obstructive sleep apnoea complain of a sore throat?

A

Mouth breathing: air is not moistened by normal mechanisms in the nose so dries and damages the pharyngeal mucosa

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7
Q

What are causes of vertigo?

A

Benign paroxysmal vertigo
Labyrinthitis
Ménière’s disease

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8
Q

What causes benign paroxysmal vertigo?

A

An otolith in the semicircular canals which disturbs the fluid and causes a sensation of vertigo especially when turning head to side

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9
Q

What is treatment for benign paroxysmal vertigo?

A

Epley manoeuvre

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10
Q

What is Ménière’s disease?

A

Due to over production of fluid within semi circular canals and causes vertigo and tinnitus, hearing loss and aural fullness

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11
Q

What is presbyacusis?

A

Deterioration of hearing related to age
Hearing loss in group situations and when there is background noise
Comes on gradually and is difficult to pinpoint the starting point
Audiogram will show sensorineural deafness in higher frequency ranges

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12
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Autoimmune disease where there is bony fusion occurring between ossicles, specifically between foot plate of stapes and oval window
Presents as gradual conductive hearing loss

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13
Q

What would expect nasal polyps to look like on examination?

A

Mucosa appears pale and gelatinous
Polyps found under middle turbinate
They can fill maxillary sinus and extend out from middle meatus

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14
Q

What are symptoms of nasal polyps?

A

Rhinorrhoea

Obstructed nasal airways

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15
Q

What is the treatment for chronic otitis media?

A

Grommet insertion

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16
Q

What might a tympanic membrane of an adult look like who had a history of recurrent otitis media with effusion as a child?

A

Ear drum look retracted and scarred

Tympanosclerosis

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17
Q

What is the treatment for chronic otitis media?

A

Grommet insertion

18
Q

What might a tympanic membrane of an adult look like who had a history of recurrent otitis media with effusion as a child?

A

Ear drum look retracted and scarred

Tympanosclerosis

19
Q

A 47 year old male has a lump in the back of his neck. It’s 2cm round lesion which is non tender and freely moveable beneath dermis. It’s hard with a smooth surface. The overlying skin is a normal colour and a sinus is visible. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Sebaceous cyst

20
Q

A 67 year old female presents to her GP with a soft fluctuant non tender 5cm round mass at the side of her neck. It has been present for many years and caused her no problems. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Lipoma

21
Q

What is a laryngocoele?

A

Rare cause of neck lump in wind instrument players. High pressure in larynx causes outpouching of laryngeal mucosa

22
Q

Where would you find a branchial cyst?

A

Anterior triangle a third of the way along SCM

23
Q

What is the embryological origin of malleus?

A

Mesoderm of first pharyngeal arch

24
Q

What are risk factors otitis media?

A 
Younger age 
Male sex
Smoking in the household 
Nursery attendance 
Formula feeding 
Craniofacial abnormalities 
GORD
Dummy use
Winter 
Supine feeding
25
Q

What are symptoms of otitis media?

A 
Pain (pulling at ear)
Malaise 
Irritability, crying, poor feeding, restless 
Fever 
Coryza/rhinorrhoea 
Vomiting
26
Q

What are signs of otitis media?

A

High temperature
Red, yellow or cloudy tympanic membrane
Bulging tympanic membrane
Air fluid level behind tympanic membrane
Discharge in auditory canal secondary to perforation
Red pinna

27
Q

Which cases of acute otitis media should be admitted?

A

Children under 3 months with a temp 38 or more

Children with suspected complications - meningitis, mastoiditis or facial nerve paralysis

28
Q

What are the most common bacterial pathogens that cause acute otitis media?

A

Haemophilus influenzae
Strep pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Strep pyogenes

29
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Middle 3rd clavicle

30
Q

What are the arteries in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Third part of subclavian
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular
Occipital

31
Q

What are the nerves in the posterior triangle?

A 
Supraclavicular part of brachial plexus 
Accessory nerve 
Cervical plexus 
Lesser occipital nerve
Great auricular nerve 
Transverse cervical nerve 
Phrenic nerve 
Supraclavicular nerve
32
Q

What would a perforated eardrum from otitis media look like?

A

Central perforation

Can see drum margin clearly around hole

33
Q

What is the fistula sign?

A

Putting pressure on external ear canal by forcibly occluding external auditory meatus with a finger causes vertigo - sign of serious otitis media

34
Q

What is the hallpike manoeuvre?

A

Patient sits on couch
Head turned towards one ear and supported by examiner while patient lies down until head below horizontal
Nystagmus noted when head turned to affected ear
Diagnose BPPV

35
Q

What is the Epley manoeuvre?

A

Treat BPPV
Uses gravity to relocate otoliths back into utricle where they can no longer stimulate the cupula
Patient begins in upright sitting position with legs rotated and head rotated 45 degrees towards side that gave a positive hallpike test
Patient quickly and passively forced down backwards into supine position with head in 30 degree neck extension
Look for nystagmus
Remain in this position 1-2 mins
Roll onto shoulder and rotate head another 90 degrees in direction they are facing
Look for nystagmus
Remain for 1-2 mins
Bring up to sitting position while maintaining 45 degree rotation of head

36
Q

What is the management for otitis media?

A

Treat pain
Usually no or delayed prescription (4 days)
Antibiotics if: under 2, lasts over 4 days, perforation and discharge, systemically unwell or Immunocompromised

37
Q

What are management options for glue ear?

A

90% will resolve in a year, so don’t need to do anything
Auto inflators
Grommets if affecting their speech

38
Q

A patient has otitis externa, what advice would you give them?

A

Antibiotic resistance can be a problem

39
Q

What can lead to Eustachian tube dysfunction?

A

Upper respiratory tract infection

Hayfever

40
Q

What region do cholesteatomas grow in?

A

Attic area

41
Q

A 63 year old man presents with unilateral tinnitus, what is the appropriate next step?

A

Arrange hearing test - rule out acoustic neuroma (deafness)

42
Q

What triad is present in Menieres?

A

Deafness
Tinnitus
Vertigo

CCE (20 decks)

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