Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CCE > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the centor criteria?

A

Identify the likelihood of a bacterial infection in patients with a sore throat
One point each for:
Anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
Tonsillar exudates
Fever
Absence of cough
Score of 4 indicates bacterial tonsillitis is likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some diseases in which they may be presence of salivary gland enlargement

A 
Lymphoma 
Sarcoid
Parotid tumour
Calculi
Viruses such as mumps 
Alcohol excess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which organs are involved in thermoregulation in response to cold?

A

Brown fat: metabolism
Muscles: shivering
Blood vessels: constriction
Thyroid: hormone increases metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which organs are involved in thermoregulation in response to heat?

A

Lungs: increase respiratory rate
Skin: perspiration
Blood vessels: dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which area of the Brainstem is responsible for thermoregulation?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is fever?

A

Rectal temperature above 38ºC
Oral temperature above 37.8ºC
Tympanic temperature above 38ºC
Complex physiologic response to disease mediated by pyrogenic
cytokines and characterized by a rise in core temperature, generation of acute phase reactants, and activation of immune systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some causes of fever?

A 
Infection 
Inflammatory 
Connective Tissue Disorder
Malignancy 
Endocrine / Metabolic 
Tissue Destruction 
Thromboembolism 
Allergy /  Drugs / Other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some infective causes of fever?

A 
Bacterial 
Viral 
Fungal 
Parasitic 
Origin of infection may be obvious or may require careful assessment for diagnosis, e.g. infective endocarditis, tuberculosis or other occult long-term infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some inflammatory causes of fever?

A

Phlebitis, thyroiditis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, pancreatitis, familial Mediterranean fever, sarcoidosis, pemphigus (blistering skin, autoimmune), severe or exfoliative dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some connective tissue disorders which cause fever?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus,

polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, giant cell arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Systemic vasculitis typically involving small or medium sized muscular arteries, typically renal or visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are malignancy causes for fever?

A

Carcinoma (especially lung cancer, renal cancer), sarcomas,

lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What endocrine and metabolic disorders can cause fever?

A

Thyroid disease, gout, porphyria (abnormal metabolism of haemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What types of tissue destruction can cause fever?

A

Surgery, infarction, haemolysis, crush syndrome, rhabdomyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some thromboembolic causes of fever?

A

Pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What blood disorders may result in fever?

A

Aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis, leukaemias

17
Q

What allergic conditions may lead to fever?

A

Allergic reactions, transfusion reactions, Henoch-Schönlein purpura

18
Q

What is a rigor?

A

Sudden feeling of cold with shivering accompanied by a rise in temperature, with sweating

19
Q

60 year man on haemodialysis with a metallic aortic valve with suspected infective endocarditis. Which investigations does he need? And what might they show?

A

ECG: show prolonged PR interval
Echo: vegetations on aortic valve with aortic root abscess

20
Q

What is a fever of unknown origin?

A

Temperature greater than 38.3°C on several occasions
More than 3 weeks’ duration of illness
Failure to reach a diagnosis despite 1 week of inpatient investigation

21
Q

What is the acute management for anaphylaxis?

A 
High flow oxygen 
0.5mg IM adrenaline
10mg IV chlorphenamine 
200mg hydrocortisone IV
500ml 0.9% saline stat
22
Q

Which interleukin is responsible for stimulating hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins and is involved in fever, anaemia and cachexia?

A

IL-6

23
Q

Which interleukin is a chemoattractant?

A

IL-8

24
Q

Give an example of an anti inflammatory interleukin?

A

IL-10

25
Q

Which molecules are involved in the rolling of neutrophils along a vessel in migration?

A

Selectins

26
Q

Which molecules are involved in adhesion to vessel wall by neutrophils in migration?

A

Integrins

27
Q

What is endothelin?

A

Potent vasoconstrictor

28
Q

What does nitric oxide do to vessels and platelets?

A

Inhibit platelet aggregation and adhesion

Vasodilation by activating guanylate cylase

29
Q

Describe some characteristics of IgA

A

Found in secretions: salvia, tears, mucous
Provides localised protection on mucous membranes
Most commonly produced immunoglobulin in the body
Transported across interior of cell via transcytosis

30
Q

Name some characteristics of IgG

A

Enhance phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses
Fixes complement and passes to the foetal circulation
Most abundant isotype in blood serum

31
Q

What are risk factors for acute graft versus host disease?

A 
HLA disparity 
Increasing age of recipient
Donor and recipient gender disparity
Type and status of underlying disease
Transplant conditioning regimen intensity
ABO compatibility 
Performance score
White/black race
CMV sero status 
Doses of prophylactic immunosuppression medication
32
Q

What features are characteristic of acute graft versus host disease?

A 
Maculopapular rash 
Anorexia
Profuse diarrhoea 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Ileus 
Cholestatic hepatitis
33
Q

What immunological changes are seen in HIV?

A 
Reduction in CD4 count
Increased B2 microglobulin 
Decreased IL2 production 
Polyclonal B cell activation
Decreased NK function
Reduced delayed hypersensitivity reactions

CCE (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions