Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Belle Phase 2a > Rheumatology > Flashcards

Rheumatology Flashcards

1
Q

Alendronic acid

A

Bisphosphonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Scleroderma symptoms

A

Shiny skin patches (SCLERO DERMA) from fibrosis
Raynaud’s
Dysphagia
Limited ROM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Investigation for scleroderma

A

Serum nuclear antigens (anti nuclear antibodies ANA)

  • Anti-SCL 70
  • Anti-centromere antibodies (ACA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis presentation

A 
YOUNG, MALE
BACK STIFFNESS (inflammatory - improves with exercise) + worse morning/night
Weight loss, fever, fatigue 
Uveitis (red inflamed eyes) 
FHx arthritis 
Other autoimmune conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non-inflammatory presentation in MSK

A

Does NOT improve with exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis investigation

A

X-Ray: BAMBOO SPINE (calcification of ligaments), narrowing of joint spaces, fusion of sacro-iliac joints, squaring of the vertebral bodies,

Bloods: HLA B27 (90%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reactive arthritis presentation

A

Post-infection e.g. STI (chlamydia)
Can’t see (conjunctivitis)
Can’t pee (urethritis)
Can’t climb a tree (arthritis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SeroNEGATIVE spondyloarthropathy

A

= ABSENCE of RF and anti-CCP
+ strong HLA-B27 association

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
IBD associated

SPINEACHE
Sausage digit (dactylitis) 
Psoriasis
Inflammatory back pain
NSAIDs: good response 
Enthesitis (particularly in the heel)
Arthritis
Crohn’s/Colitis/elevated CRP (can be normal in AS) 
HLA-B27
Eye (Uveitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Multiple myeloma investigations

A

Diagnostic: Serum electrophoresis (IgG, IgA, light chain proteins) + CRAB symptoms

Prognostic: Serum LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CRP, B2-microglobulin, albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Management of septic arthritis

A 
SEPSIS 6 (TAKE 3 + GIVE 3)
Joint aspiration (Dx - cultures, Tx - arthrocentesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Risk factors for septic arthritis

A 
immunosuppressants
diabetes
HIV
old age
IV drug use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most likely causative organism for septic arthritis

A

Staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Presentation of septic arthritis

A

RED, HOT, SWOLLEN joint (isolated, different to reactive = multiple areas affected)
Fever + systemically unwell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Paget’s disease of the bone

A

Abnormal bone turnover: body absorbs OLD bone (osteoclasts) and forms ABNORMAL NEW bone
= structurally disorganised + weaker mosaic bone (woven bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1st line treatment of Paget’s

A

Bisphosphonates: IV Zoledronate (suppresses osteoclast OR osteoblast overactivity)
- used for ANY bone turn over abnormality

Adjunct: NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome Ix

A

anti glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gold standard investigation for RA

A

Anti-CCP (specific)

RF is 70% sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

key clinical features found in the arms/hands of RA patients

A

ulnar deviation
swan neck deformity
boutonniere deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RA signs on X-ray

A

LESS:
loss of joint space
EROSION of bones
soft tissue swelling
Soft bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

one joint never affected in RA

A

DIPJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

marker to monitor progression of RA

A

CRP

ESR takes too long to change so not immediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RA treatment

A

DMARDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autoimmune cause of miscarriage

A

Antiphospholipid syndrome

- antibodies stop the egg from implanting and inhibit growth of foetal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Autoimmune cause of increased clotting

A

APL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

APL treatment

A

Lifestyle
Anticoagulation:
- Chronic: warfarin
- Pregnancy: heparin + aspirin (warfarin is TERATOGENIC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

SLE risk factors

A 
female
HLA gene
other autoimmune conditions
FHx
UV radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

SLE clinical manifestations

A

systemic: glomerulonephritis, CNS (psychiatric), glomerulonephritis, joint pain, pericarditis
erythematosus: RED MALAR PHOTOSENSITIVE RASH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

two gold standard diagnostic markers for SLE

A

ANA (anti nuclear antibodies) - VERY SENSITIVE but not very specific

anti-dsDNA (double stranded) - periods of active disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ESR and CRP changes in SLE

A

high ESR

normal CRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

SLE Tx

A

1st line: oral corticosteroids (prednisolone)

hydroxychloroquine
methotrexate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Gout causes

A

Thiazides (urea reabsorption)
High purine diet
Tumour lysis syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Gout treatment

a) <1 flare up
b) acute + >1 flare up
b) long-term

A

a) educate on lifestyle changes

b)
1st line - NSAIDs or Colchicine (C for aCute😚)
2nd line - intra-articular steroid injection

c)
1st line - Allopurinol [inhibits xanthine oxidase synthesis] with colchicine
2nd line - febuxostat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Gout investigation

A

1st line: bloods
- confirm hyperuricaemia

Gold standard: BIOPSY
- polarised light microscopy of the synovial fluid: NEEDLE SHAPED NEGATIVELY birefringent crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Psuedogout investigation

A

polarised light microscopy of the synovial fluid: RHOMBOID POSITIVELY birefringent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Osteoarthritis Px + X-Ray signs

A 
LOSS:
Loss of (Narrowed) joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral sclerosis
Subchondral cysts

Joint pain worse with movement
Stiffness on rest
Limited joint movement
Bone swelling in fingers (Heberden, Bouchard)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Osteoarthritis:
HD
BP

A

Heberden - distal

Bouchard - proximal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Red flags for BACK PAIN - TUNA FISH

A

1st line management: refer to hospital for urgent assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Osteoporosis DEXA scan results

A

DEXA: Dual Energy X-Ray Absortiometry

T score below -2.5 = diagnostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Osteoporosis risk factors

A 
Age (post-menopausal women)
Steroid use
Hyperthyroidism
Alcohol and smoking
Low BMI
Alcohol abuse 
Female
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A

1st line: Bisphosphonates (alendronate) and AdCal (Vit D + calcium)
2nd line: Denosumab (monoclonal RANK ligand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Side effects of bisphosphonates

A 
TMJ osteonecrosis
GI upset (sit upright after taking medication to prevent oesophageal cancer + take first thing in the morning with water)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Rickets presentation

A

young
malnourished (Vit D deficiency)
bowed femur + tibia (may present as waddling gait)

Rickets in adults = Osteomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Rickets pathophysiology

A

Inadequate calcium for mineralisation = excessive non-mineralised osteoid build up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

RANK-L

A

activates osteoclasts, promoting bone reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Osteomyelitis causative organisms

A

Staph aureus: most common

Salmonella species: SICKLE CELL
Neisseria gonorrhoea: sexually active
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: diabetes, IVDU, puncture wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Bone marrow cancer

Cancerous PLASMA cells (>10%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Multiple myeloma symptoms

A 
CRAB:
Calcium (HIGH)
Renal 
Anaemia
Bone problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

LOSS of CARTILAGE + DISORDERED BONE repair
Most common arthritis
F > M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Major risk factor for OA

A

Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Joints affected in OA

A

Large weight bearing joints (knees, hips)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Osteoarthritis treatment

A

Paracetamol (analgesics ladder > NSAIDs etc)
Cortisol intraarticular injections (methylprednisolone)
Joint replacement

Weight loss
Lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

RA diagnostic criteria

A 
RF RISES
Rheumatoid factor POSITIVE
Fingers/hand/wrist involvement 
Rheumatoid nodules present 
Involvement of >3 joints
Stiffness in the morning for >1 hour
Erosions seen on X-Ray
Symmetrical involvement

More than 6 weeks, More than 4 of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease
Symmetrical, deforming, peripheral polyarthris
F X3 > M

54
Q

RA Px

A

Pain in affected joints
Hand deformities
Morning stiffness >30 minutes
Systemic: scleritis, pleural effusions, pericarditis

55
Q

RA Tx

A

DMARDs (disease modifying antirheumatic drugs)
- METHOTREXATE (with folate)

Steroids
Biologics (TNF-a blockers, Infliximab, B-cell inhibitors (Rituximab))
NSAIDs, Opioids for pain management

56
Q

Feltys syndrome/triad

A

Presence of 3 conditions:
SPLENOMEGALY
RA
GRANULOCYTOPENIA (neutropenia)

57
Q

Osteoporosis

A

DECREASE in bone density and micro-architectural deterioration
» INCREASE in bone fragility and susceptibility in fracture

58
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

Endocrine (Cushing’s, PTH)
Haematology (Myeloma)
GI (malabsorption)
Iatrogenic (steroids)

59
Q

Osteoporosis Px

A

Not clinically apparent until a fracture occurs

60
Q

Risk assessment for osteoporosis

A

FRAX

Qfracture

61
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Inflammatory, multisystem autoimmune disorder with arthralgia and rashes

Female 9X > Males
Peak 20-40 yo

TYPE 3 Hypersensitivity

62
Q

Antiphospholipid syndrome

A

Antibody-mediated thrombophilia characterised by thrombosis (arterial or venous) and/or recurrent miscarriages

Associated with SLE in 20-30%

63
Q

APL syndrome Px

A

Coagulation defects
Pregnancy issues
Thrombocytopenia
Livedo reticularis (below)

64
Q

APL diagnostic criteria

A

At least 1 clinical and 1 lab

Clinical:

  • vascular thrombosis
  • pregnancy morbidity

Lab:

  • anticardiolipin antibody
  • lupus anticoagulant
  • anti B2 glycoprotein 1 antibody
65
Q

APL arterial thrombosis

A

More common in males
MI, stroke
Libman-Sacks endocarditis

66
Q

APL venous thrombosis

A

More common in females

PE, DVT

67
Q

Sjogrens definition

A

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder

destruction of EPITHELIAL EXOCRINE glands (especially the LACRIMAL and SALIVARY glands)

typically occurs in women

68
Q

Sjogrens Px

A

Dry eyes, mouth, parotid gland enlargement
Joint pain
Raynauds
Systemic features

Associated with RA, SLE, PBC, scleroderma

69
Q

Sjogrens Ix

A

Rose Bengal staining and slit lamp eye exam

Rheumatoid factor, ANA, Anti-Ro (SSA), Anti-La (SSB)

70
Q

Sjogrens Tx

A

Lifestyle: humidifier, eye drops, mouth wash

Medications: NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, pilocarpine (M3 agonist - increase exocrine secretions)

71
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

Intermittent spasm in the arteries supplying the fingers and toes usually precipitated by cold and relieved by heat

Associated with: SLE, scleroderma, RA, dermatomyositis

Tx: CCB

72
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine gland

A

Exocrine: ductal system
Endocrine: directly into bloodstream

73
Q

Systemic sclerosis patho

A

Multisystem autoimmune disease

Increased fibroblast activity (causing increased COLLAGEN deposition) = abnormal growth of connective tissue

Highest mortality of autoimmune rheumatic diseases

74
Q

CREST

A

Calcinosis - calcium deposits in subcutaneous tissue
Raynaud’s
Eosophageal dysmotility or strictures
Sclerodactylyl (local thickening on fingers/toes)
Telenagiectasia (spider veins)

75
Q

Scleroderma Px

A

Limited (CREST): hands, face, feet, forearms; ‘beak’ like nose and small mouth (microstomia)

Diffuse: widespread skin changes, organ damage occurs earlier (GI e.g. GORD, renal, lung)

76
Q

Scleroderma Tx

A

Immunosuppressants

Symptom relief:
PPIs (GI) 
ACEi (renal) 
Cyclophosphamide (pulmonary fibrosis) 
CCB (Raynaud’s)
77
Q

Polymyositis/dermatomyositis

A

RARE MUSCLE DISORDER
Unknown aetiology
Inflammation and necrosis of skeletal muscle fibres
Dermatomyositis = poly + skin involvement

78
Q

Polymyositis Px

A

Symmetrical progressive muscle weakness and wasting of the proximal muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdle

79
Q

Dermatomyositis Px

A

Heliotrope (purple) discolouration of eyelids

Scaly erythematous plaques over the knuckles

80
Q

Polymyositis Ix

A

Muscle biopsy
Bloods: INCREASED creatine kinase, aminotransfersases, LDH, aldolase
Immunology: ANA

81
Q

Polymyositis Tx

A
  1. ORAL PREDNISOLONE
  2. Stronger immunosuppressants

Symptomatic treatment of skin disease

82
Q

Paget’s disease of the bone Px

A 
Rare under 40 y/o
60-80% are ASYMPTOMATIC 
- bone + joint pain
- SKULL CHANGES
- neurological changes 
- bowed tibia
83
Q

Paget’s disease of the bone Ix

A

Bloods: marked increase in ALP but NORMAL calcium + phosphate
Urinary hydroxyproline increased
X-ray: osteoarthritis

84
Q

Osteomalacia

A

DEFECTIVE MINERALISATION of newly formed bone matrix or osteoid in ADULTS
Due to inadequate phosphate or calcium, or due to increased bone resorption (hyperPTH)

85
Q

Rickets

A

DEFECTIVE MINERALISATION at EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE (not present in adults)
AKA osteomalacia in CHILDREN

86
Q

Osteomalacia aetiology

A

Malnutrition (most common) - Vit D, PO4, Ca
Drug induced
Defective 1-alpha hydroxylation
Liver disease

87
Q

Px of osteomalacia in adults

A

Widespread bone pain and tenderness
Gradual onset and persistent fatigue
Muscle weakness
FRACTURES

88
Q

Px of rickets

A 
LEG BOWING and knock knees - WADDLING GAIT
- tender swollen joints
- IMPAIRED GROWTH
- bone and joint pain
Dental deformities
89
Q

Osteomalacia Ix

A

Bloods: U&Es (low calcium), high serum ALP, low Vit D

X-Rays: defective mineralisation, rachitic rosary

90
Q

Osteomalacia Tx

A

Lifestyle: nutrition, sunlight
Medications: Vit D replacement
Malabsorption/renal disease: IM calcitrol

91
Q

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) role

A
  1. Osteoblast activity = increased ALP e.g. Paget’s

2. Bone mineralisation (calcium + phosphate deposition into osteoid)

92
Q

why can liver disease cause osteomalacia

A

LIVER: Inactive vitamin D > 25-OH-Vitamin D

Kidneys: 1-alpha-hydroxylase converts 25-OH-Vit D to CALCITRIOL i.e. active Vitamin D which increases renal reabsorption of calcium + intestinal absorption of calcium + phosphate)

93
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Secreted in response to LOW blood CALCIUM

  1. Stimulates resorption of calcium (and a small amount of phosphate) from the bone
  2. Boost 1-alpha hydroxylase activity = active Vit D
  3. Increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion from the kidneys
94
Q

Most common cause of rickets and osteomalacia

A

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

  • intestinal malabsorption (coeliac, crohns)
  • lack of UV light exposure (home bound)
  • medications e.g. phenytoin (uses hydroxylase enzymes)
  • liver + kidney disease
95
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Bacterial surface antigens recognised by the innate immune system as FOREIGN

96
Q

Antibiotic management septic arthritis

A

Staph aureus:
Flucoxacillin
- penicillin-allergy: gentamicin
- MRSA: vancomycin

Gonococcal or Gram -ve (E. Coli)
- cefotaxime

97
Q

Causative organisms of septic arthritis

A

Most common: staph aureus
Sexually active: neisseria gonorrhoea
Kids: Haemophilus influenza
Gram -ve: E. Coli

98
Q

Gonococcal arthritis

A

Sexually active adolescents
SPREADS HAEMATOGENOUSLY from initial infection
Affects MULTIPLE JOINTS
Skin lesions + tenosynovitis

99
Q

Food high in purines

A 
Red meat
Organ meat e.g. liver
Seafood
Beans
Beer
100
Q

Breakdown product of purines

A

Uric acid

101
Q

Tumour lysis syndrome

A

Large number of cancer cells die within a short period, releasing their contents into the blood

102
Q

Gout

A

Uric acid deposits in joint spaces = inflammation (usually of the big toe - podagra)

103
Q

Tophi gout

A

Uric acid crystals form masses of white growths around the joints and tissues that gout has affected

104
Q

Stages of gout

A
105
Q

Pseudogout

A

Px of gout but caused by CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE crystals

106
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

INFECTION of the BONE MARROW causing INFLAMMATION

Myelo = bone marrow

107
Q

Three main ways of organism entry in osteomyelitis

A

Haematogenous spread
Open wound/surgery
Contiguously (skin infection e.g. cellulitis > bone)

108
Q

Stages of osteomyelitis

A

Acute inflammation
Resolution Or progression to Chronic:
Subperiosteal abcess
Sequestrum (necrotic bone within pus)
Involvcrum (new bone surrounding sequestrum)
Cloacae (opening to allow dead bone and bus to come out)

109
Q

Most common causative organism of osteomyelitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

  • skin > bone
  • haematogenous spread
110
Q

High risk individuals for salmonella infections

A

Sickle cell disease patients

111
Q

Osteomyelitis diagnosis

A

FBC: CRP, ESR, WCC

X-Ray, MRI

Gold standard: Biopsy + culture

112
Q

Psoriatic arthritis (summary)

A

Occurs in 10-40% of people with psoriasis (psoriasis = autoimmune destruction of skin cells) - T cells activate osteoblasts + osteoblasts

Painful, swollen, stiff joints
Psoriatic plaques
Dactylitis (sausage fingers)
Telescopic fingers

X-ray: PENCIL IN CUP (thin bone in soft tissue swelling)

113
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Primary bone malignancy
Associated with Paget’s disease
Sunburst appearance on X-Ray

114
Q

Osteochondroma

A

Benign overproduction of bone which deposits on metaphysis
Very common in males <25
Exostosis on X-Ray

115
Q

Secondary bone tumours

A 
PB KTL (Lead kettle)
Prostate
Breast
Kidneys 
Thyroid 
Lungs
116
Q

Most common cause of back pain

A

Mechanical (sprains and strains)

117
Q

Red flags diseases for lower back pain

A

Cauda equina
Cancer of the spine
Spinal fracture (trauma or osteoporotic collapse)
Spinal infection

Ix: inflammatory markers, FBC, ALP, DEXA scan, MRI (bone pathology)

118
Q

Neuropathic pain relief

A

TCA
Gabapentin
Pregabalin

119
Q

DMARDs

A

Non-biologic: methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine

Biological: TNF-a inhibitors

120
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis patho

A

Spondylitis = inflammation of the vertebrae

Autoimmunity against type 1+2 collagen (intervertebral discs + sacroiliac joints) = fibrous deposits + ossification

121
Q

ANCA positive vasculitis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

122
Q

Citrullination

A

Deimination: arginine > citrulline
Immune system attacks citrullinated proteins

Occurs in RA
Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA)
- detected by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) (98% specific for RA diagnosis and can preclude diagnosis)

123
Q

Complications of SLE

A

Kidney failure
CV: Heart attack, Pericarditis
CNS: Seizures, Stroke
Super infection

124
Q

Lofgrens triad (sarcoidosis)

A
  • Erythema nodosum
  • Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
  • Polyarthralgia (pain in more than one joint)
125
Q

Sarcoidosis Ix

A

CXR: hilar lymphadenopathy
Serum ACE
FBC: anaemia, leukopenia
Serum Urea:Creatinine (kidney involvement)
Serum CALCIUM (hypercalcaemia): elevated Vitamin D due to macrophages
Spirometry
Histology (non caseating granulomas)

126
Q

Sarcoidosis Tx

A 
Corticosteroids
Ventilators support
Oxygen
Lung transplant 
Hydroxychloroquine
127
Q

Dermatomyositis Ix

A 
Creatine kinase 
Electromyography
Muscle biopsy
Autoantibodies: Anti-Jo-1 antibodies, Anti-Mi-2 antibodies, Anti-nuclear antibodies
Spirometry
128
Q

Dermatomyositis Tx

A

IV corticosteroids

129
Q

1st line Mx for ankylosing spondylitis

A

NSAIDs and physiotherapy

130
Q

pain and pins-and-needles in his left hand

worse in the morning than at night, and it usually feels quite numb when he first wakes up until he starts to move it around more

You lightly tap the area just below the palm in the middle of the wrist with your finger and he gets the same sensation of the pins and needles he has been experiencing.

Which nerve is responsible for these symptoms?

A

Median nerve - CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

Belle Phase 2a (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions