Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Belle Phase 2a > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphoma

A

Location: lymph tissue
Increased: mature naive T-cells and B-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Location: bone marrow
Increased: plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Myeloproliferative disorders

A

Location: bone marrow
Increased: thrombocytes, erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes

Includes CML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow: all immune cells originate here, B-cell maturation

Thymus: T-cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes: site of dendritic cell (bringing the foreign antigen), B-cell and T-cell interaction

Spleen: site of removal of RBCs and AB-coated bacteria, storage of cells (RBCs, lymphocytes, platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tertiary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph node like ectopic structures that form during chronic inflammation

E.g. in MS, focal TLOs form in the brain which produce anti-myelin antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Network of lymphoid tissue distributed in submucosal layers of the GI, genital, respiratory and urinalysis tracts as well as the eyes, skin, thyroid, breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Innate immunity

A

Short duration (days)
No memory or recognition of specific antigens
Local and generalised
Cells: macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Recognition in innate immunity

A

Macrophages have toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on foreign invaders

Response: phagocytosis, cytokine release, interferon release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cells responsible for phagocytosis

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Four stages of phagocytosis

A 
Attachment e.g. bacterium to macrophage 
Engulfment 
Phagosome formation 
Lysosomal fusion and digestion
Antigen presentation (MHC II)
Secretion of waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytokines

A 
Interleukins 
Colony-stimulating factor
Tumour necrosis factor
Growth factor
Chemokine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytokine roles in innate immunity inflammation

A 
Activate more macrophages 
Recruiting monocytes 
Recruiting and activating neutrophils 
Recruiting and activating NK cells
Bring opsonins (help macrophages and neutrophils recognise and phagocytosis pathogens)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Interferons

A

Cytokines produced by macrophages, NK cells, endothelial and epithelial cells

  • Block viral entry into cells and block viral replication inside cells (interfere with viruses)
  • Activate macrophages and NK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NK functions

A

Spray target with cytokines causing apoptosis

Secrete interferon gamma (IFN-y) which further activates macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

C3b role in the complement system

A

Acts as an opsonin for phagocytosis of the attached cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Specific/adaptive immunity

A 
Highly specific 
Slow (days to weeks) with long duration (months to years)
Immune memory 
T helper cells
Production of antibodies
Production of cytotoxic T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T cell receptors

A

Recognise antigens with their variable domain

Antigen needs to be presented to them by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Human form of MHC

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

Specific variants found in various diseases e.g. HLA B27 in ankylosing spondylitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Two types of MHC molecules

A

Class 1: present antigens that come from within the cells (i.e. from a virus that is replicating within the cell); recognised exclusively by CD8 T-cells (leads to destruction of the cell)

Class 2: found mostly on dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes and B-cells; present antigens that come from outside the cell; recognised exclusively by CD4 T-cells (leads to differentiation into T helper cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T helper (CD4+) 1 cells

A

Cell mediated immunity
Secrete IL-2: CD4 and CD8 cells
Delayed type (IV) hypersensitivity reaction: travel to site of infection and release cytokines (macrophage recruitment)
Stimulate B cells to produce IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T helper (CD4+) 2 cells role

A

Humoral immunity
Stimulate B cells to produce all antibodies but notably more IgE
Travel to site of infection and release cytokines: (mast cell and eosinophil recruitment)
Important in parasitic infections and type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (allergy) and asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CD8 cells

A 
Have TcRs specific to antigens displayed on MHC class 1 molecules on dendritic cells 
Undergo dramatic proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic T cells specific to the antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cytotoxic T cell mechanisms

A

Granule exocytosis

Activate Fas molecule (apoptosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Antibody heavily secreted in mucous to protect mucous membranes from infection e.g. saliva, breast milk

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

IgD antibody

A

Found on the surface of B cells

27
Q

IgE antibodies

A

Least abundant in the blood
Important in asthma and allergy
Bound to mast cells and basophils by FcR

28
Q

IgG antibodies

A

Most abundant in the blood
Highly specific
Important in secondary response (second exposure to antigen)
Useful in measuring a patients immunity (vaccine or previous infection)

29
Q

IgM

A

First antibody produced in acute infection
Tends to disappear once the infection is going (unlike IgG)
Most antibodies on B-cells are IgM

30
Q

B cells

A

Sit in lymph nodes, spleen or MALT
IgM surface antibodies recognise specific antigens
Present the antigen on MHC class II molecules
Stimulate T helper cells to release cytokines that activate the B cell
Differentiation into plasma cells or memory B cells (happens in the germinal centre of lymph tissue)

31
Q

Differentiation into plasma cells

A

Make the antibody more specific to the antigen (affinity maturation)
Antibody class switch: chooses whether to produce IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM or IgD e.g. IL-4 promotes IgE class switching
Start to produce vast amounts of antibodies

32
Q

Four functions of antibodies

A

Ab-Ag complexes: Activation of the complement system

Neutralisation of toxin effects

Agglutination (attach to pathogen and clump together to slow the spread)

Act as opsonins

Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (attach to cells and recognised by NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils)

33
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Immune response not involving antibodies

Phagocytes, antigen specific cytotoxic T cells, release of cytokines

34
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity mediated by the secretion of antibodies and the complement system

35
Q

Mature B cell marker

A

CD20

36
Q

Target of rituximab

A

CD20

37
Q

Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)

A

Sense gram-negative lipopolysaccarides

38
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

39
Q

Mast cells

A

Involved in anaphylaxis and asthma

IgE binds to the allergen, which binds to mast cells, causes them to release histamines

40
Q

Type I hypersensitivity reaction

A

Anaphylaxis
Atopy (e.g. asthma, eczema, hay fever)

IgE mediated:
CD4+ cells recognise allergen 
T helper 2 cells release IL-4 which stimulates IgE production by B cells 
IgE binds to mast cells and basophils 
Degranulation: histamine and TNF-a
41
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Goodpastures syndrome
Pernicious anaemia
Rheumatic fever

IgG and IgM binds to self antigens on cell surface leading to damage

42
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RF = IgM that recognises IgG as an antigen)

Antibody-Antigen complexes deposited in tissues
Activate complement system and cause inflammation

43
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

TB
Multiple sclerosis
Guillain-Barré syndrome

Delayed type (24-72 hours)
T helper 1 cells activated by dendritic cell
T helper cells travel to site
Macrophage recruitment and cytokine release

44
Q

First line treatment for anaphylaxis

A

ABCDE

IM adrenaline

45
Q

Four examples of live attenuated vaccines

A

Contain a weakened version of the virus (avoid in immunosuppressed patients)

MMR
BCG (TB)
Shingles (varicella zoster)
Nasal influenza vaccine

46
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies introduced from outside the body

Takes effect immediately
Short term

Maternal (passed from mother to child through breast milk or the placenta)
Injected antibodies

47
Q

Active immunity

A

Antibodies produced inside the body

Takes effect over time (several weeks)
Long term

Direct infection (natural active) 
Vaccination (artificial active)
48
Q

HLA DR4

A

T1DM
Rheumatoid arthritis

‘HLA DIABETES RHEUMATOID 4’

49
Q

Macrophage cell surface markers

A

CD14

CD40

50
Q

Cytokine primarily responsible for activating macrophages

A

INF-y

51
Q

Key cytokine in type 1 hypersensitivity

A 
IL-4 
Causes class switching to IgE
52
Q

Markers of disease progression in HIV+ patients

A

CD4 cell count (HIV uses CD4 to enter CD4+ cells)
AIDS: <200

HIV viral load

53
Q

Name 3 risk groups for HIV

A

Men who have sex with men
Intravenous drug users
Commercial sex workers

54
Q

Age group for which 50% of all new HIV infections occur worldwide

A

19-24 years old

55
Q

Different types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Neutrophils (most abundant)
Basophil
Eosinophil

56
Q

Fever, rash and non-specific symptoms

A

Ask about sexual history

Think of HIV seroconversion

57
Q

Most common opportunistic infection in HIV

A

PCP

58
Q

Treatment of HIV

A 
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) 
HAART
59
Q

CA-125 biomarker

A

Ovarian cancer

60
Q

CA 19-9 biomarker

A

Pancreatic cancer

61
Q

HER-2 biomarker

A

Breast cancer

62
Q

Lifecycle of malaria parasite

A

Sporozoites introduced by a mosquito bite > migrate to the liver > multiply into thousands of merozoites > merozoites infect red blood cells and replicate > parasites form gametocytes, which are taken up by a mosquito, continuing the life cycle

63
Q

Malaria causative microorganism

A

Plasmodium species

Many of the symptoms associated with severe malaria are caused by the tendency of P. falciparum to bind to blood vessel walls and cause damage

Belle Phase 2a (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions