Rhetoric Midterm

Question 1

In the Rhetorical Triangle, what is the message?

Answer 1

Information, evidence, argument reasons, data, structure

Question 2

In the Rhetorical Triangle, what is Audience?

Answer 2

Their beliefs, values, knowledge, and experience.

Question 3

In the Rhetorical Triangle, what role does the communicator have?

Answer 3

ethos (credibility), authority correctness, appearance, eloquence

Question 4

What does AUDIENCE stand for?

Answer 4

Analysis
Understanding 
Demographics
Interest 
Environment 
Needs 
Customization 
Expectations

Question 5

What is Analysis (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 5

Who is the audience?

Question 6

What is Understanding (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 6

What is the audience’s knowledge of the subject?

Question 7

What is Demographics (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 7

What is their background?

Question 8

What is Interest (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 8

Why are they reading your document?

Question 9

What is Environment (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 9

Under what circumstances, will this document be sent/viewed?

Question 10

What is Needs (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 10

What are the audience’s needs associated with your document topic?

Question 11

What is Customization (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 11

What specific interests should you address?

Question 12

What is Expectations (AUDIENCE)?

Answer 12

What does the audience expect to learn from your document?

Question 13

What do you have to keep in mind when addressing audience? (10)

Answer 13

age
Ÿgender
Ÿeducation
Ÿethnicity
Ÿpolitical philosophy
Ÿreligious beliefs
Ÿroles (student, professional, parent, citizen, owner, etc.)
Ÿinterests/hobbies
Ÿgeneral or specialized knowledge concerning topic (– = +)
Ÿpreconceptions concerning your topic
(likely to agree/disagree, eager/open or resistant)

Question 14

What are audience values?

Answer 14

Beliefs in which one has an emotional investment–determine thought, belief, action, and opinion.

Question 15

What is the difference between logical proof and rhetorical proof?

Answer 15

Logic deals with universal and certain truths where rhetorical proof deals with probable truths.

Question 16

What is deduction?

Answer 16

Argument moves from a general stance inward.

Question 17

What is induction?

Answer 17

Argument moves from a particular instance to similar instances to more general truth (usually based on experience)

Question 18

Where does rhetorical reasoning come from?

Answer 18

Description, narration, statistics, and authorities.

Question 19

What 2 things does ethos encompass?

Answer 19

Credibility of speaker and morality (based on values)

Question 20

What are the other appeals? (5)

Answer 20

Tradition, Novelty (Modernity), Luxury, Authority, and commonality/simplicity

Question 21

What is Kairos?

Answer 21

The precise or opportune moment, “supreme moment”

Question 22

How is a deductive argument sound?

Answer 22

If the conclusion is logically derived from the premises.

Question 23

Argument = ___________.

Answer 23

Premises + conclusion

Question 24

What is an inference?

Answer 24

Conclusion about the unknown based on the known.

Question 25

What is an assumption?

Answer 25

Usually something we learned previously and do not question.

Question 26

How are inferences and assumptions compared?

Answer 26

Inferences are the conclusions based on the assumptions we have made due to previous experience.

Question 27

Assuming that something is true before it is proven.

Answer 27

Begging the question

Question 28

A personal attack on someone's character rather than on the argument itself.

Answer 28

Ad hominem fallacy

Question 29

An appeal to prejudices or inclinations--"majority"

Answer 29

Bandwagon (Ad populum) fallacy

Question 30

Avoiding countering an argument by introducing something unrelated to the original argument.

Answer 30

Red-herring fallacy

Question 31

A completely biased question where taking either side makes the person answering look bad.

Answer 31

Loaded-question fallacy

Question 32

Ideas or actions are acceptable because of the people associated with them

Answer 32

Appeal to False Authority fallacy

Question 33

Illogical conclusion based on poor evidence or faulty premises.

Answer 33

Non-sequitur fallacy

Question 34

What hasn't been proven true is false; what hasn't been proven false is true.

Answer 34

Appeal to ignorance fallacy

Question 35

A statement that uses a restatement of the argument as proof.

Answer 35

Circular argument fallacy

Question 36

Arguing that the origins or genetics of a person, object, or institution determine its worth.

Answer 36

Genetic fallacy

Question 37

Conclusion based on incomplete or insufficient biased evidence

Answer 37

Hasty generalization fallacy

Question 38

Ignores the complexities, variations, or exceptions of the situation

Answer 38

Oversimplification fallacy

Question 39

Where the words or phrases are ambiguous, therefore making the conclusion have more than one meaning or no meaning whatsoever.

Answer 39

Equivocation fallacy

Question 40

Oversimplification reducing the options down to two when in reality more than two may exist

Answer 40

Either/or Fallacy (false dilemma)

Question 41

Emphasizing one side of an argument and repressing the other

Answer 41

Card Stacking

Question 42

Regarding something abstract as a material, physical thing (partially personification)

Answer 42

Hypostazation

Question 43

Treating hypothetical situations as fact

Answer 43

Hypothesis contrary to fact

Question 44

The pure naming of something explains it

Answer 44

Nominal fallacy

Question 45

Ignoring a person's actual position on the argument and substitutes an exaggerated or misrepresented version of the position.

Answer 45

Straw Man

Question 46

To discredit what a person might later claim by presenting unfavorable information (either true or false) about the person.

Answer 46

Poisoning the well

Question 47

A relatively small step leads to a chain of related events ending in an undesirable end.

Answer 47

Slippery slope

Question 48

Desiring something to be true/false, and therefore concluding that it is true/false

Answer 48

Wishful thinking

Question 49

Arguing that because B happened after A, A caused B

Answer 49

Post Hoc

Question 50

Comparing two things to make a point when it is like comparing apples and oranges.

Answer 50

False Analogy

Question 51

What are some statistical fallacies?

Answer 51

3-D Distortion, incomplete data (doesn't go all the way to 0), misleading or incomplete labeling, differences in "average" (mean, median, and mode), insufficient documentation, and language that does not allow for another solution (750,000 will become pregnant)