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1.2 Transfusion Science > Rhesus System > Flashcards

Rhesus System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who first described the Rh System?

A

Levine & Stetson in 1939

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2
Q

How was Rh antigens discovered?

A

A severe transfusion reaction - woman with post partum haemorrhage after a hydropic stillborn infant - transfused with her husband’s blood - sensitised to red cell antigen that the foetus inherited from the father

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3
Q

How many antigens are in the Rh system?

A

~40

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4
Q

What are the most common Rh antigens?

A

•D
•C
•c
•E
•e

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5
Q

Where is the Rh locus?

A

Chromosome 1

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6
Q

What genes are responsible for the Rh antigens?

A

•RHD & RHCE genes on chromosome 1
•RH AG gene on chromosome 6 produces the Rh associated glycoprotein - incorporation of the Rh antigen into red cell membrane

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7
Q

What are the relationships between C & c genes and D& d genes

A

They are antithetical

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8
Q

What does the letter d mean?

A

Rh D negative

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9
Q

When does erythropoiesis begin?

A

3 weeks in the embryo

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10
Q

When is the D antigen present in the embryo?

A

6 weeks
Rh D well developed at birth

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11
Q

What are the characters of the Rh D antigen?

A

Very antigenic - induce strong immune response (anti D) if introduced into Rh D negative patient

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12
Q

What percentage of Rh D negative in different populations?

A

•White 15%
•Black 8%
•Asian 1%
•Native American 1%

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13
Q

How should Rh D be tested before transfusion?

A

Patient’s blood sample is tested with duplicate IgM (saline reactive) monoclonal anti-D grouping reagent

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14
Q

What is used to test Rh D antigen?

A

2 commercial anti-D antisera - detect presence & absence of Rh D antigen - recheck & highlight anomalies

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15
Q

What stimulates Rh D antibodies?

A

Pregnancy & transfusion - Rh D negative mothers carrying RH D positive babies

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16
Q

What antibodies are produced after exposure to Rh D antigen?

A

Small amounts of IgM followed by large amounts of IgG

17
Q

How do Rh antibodies work?

A

They don’t fix complement

18
Q

What are the names of the test used to test for Rh antigens?

A

Indirect antiglobulin technique aka Indirect Combs Technique - has incomplete antibodies which don’t agglutinate in saline

19
Q

What’s a disease causes by Rh antigen transfusion?

A

Haemolytic Disease of the Foetus/Newborn

1.2 Transfusion Science (6 decks)

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