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1.2 Transfusion Science > ABO System > Flashcards

ABO System Flashcards

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1
Q

How many blood groups are there?

A

8

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2
Q

what are the two systems used to classify blood

A

ABO system and Rhesus system

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3
Q

What are the 4 groups in the ABO system

A

O, A, B and AB

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4
Q

What is the most common blood type in Ireland?

A

O+

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5
Q

What is the least common blood group in Ireland?

A

AB-

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6
Q

Who came up with the ABO system>

A

Karl Landsteiner in 1901

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7
Q

Write a sentence to describe the relationship between antigens on red cells and plasma/serum antibodies

A

The plasma contains the opposite antibody to the antigen found on the red cell. i.e A antigen on red cell = B antibody in plasma/serum

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8
Q

What type of antibody are ABO antibodies?

A

IgM

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9
Q

When might a Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction occur?

A

when a patient has been transfused with the wrong blood type, usually due to mislabeling of a blood sample, mis-grouping of blood donations or transfusing the wrong patient

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10
Q

What chromosome are the A, B and O alleles found on?

A

chromosome 9 at the ABO locus

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11
Q

Which chromosome are the H and h alleles found on?

A

chromosome 19

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12
Q

what are olgiosaccharide chains?

A

are attached to the membrane of the RBCs, and are the foundation blocks for the building of the ABO blood group antigens

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13
Q

What does the H gene do?

A

codes for a transferase enzyme which adds fucose to olgiosaccharide chains on the red cell membrane.

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14
Q

What is the function of the H antigen

A

is the precursor material on which A and B antigens are built

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15
Q

How are the A and B antigens formed?

A

A and B genes code for a transferase enzyme. This acts on the H precursor antigen which produces the A and B antigen

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16
Q

the O gene is an amorph, what does this mean?

A

it does not encode a functional enzyme, meaning no detectable antigen is produced.

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17
Q

does group O contain more or less of H antigen than A, B or AB groups?

A

they have more H antigen

18
Q

what enzyme does the A gene code for?

A

alpha 1,3-Nacetyl-galactosaminyltransferase

19
Q

how does alpha 1,3- Nacetyl-galactosaminyltransferase work?

A

it uses H antigen as a substrate, and catalyses the addition of the sugar N- acetyl galactosamine to the last galactose of the olgiosaccharide chain to produce A antigen.

20
Q

what must be present for the A enzyme to produce the A antigen?

A

H antigen

21
Q

What enzyme does the B gene code for?

A

alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase

22
Q

how does alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase work to produce B antigen?

A

Uses H antigen as a substrate, and catalyses the addition of the sugar D-galactose to the final galactose of the olgiosaccharide chain to produce B antigen

23
Q

What must be present in order for the B enzyme to produce B antigen?

A

H antigen

24
Q

What is the possible genotype if you have A blood type?

A

A/A or A/O

25
Q

What is the possible genotype if you have B blood type?

A

B/B, B/O

26
Q

What is the possible genotype if you have AB blood type?

A

A/B

27
Q

What is the possible genotype if you have O blood type?

A

O/O

28
Q

Write a note on the genetic profile of the Bombay blood group

A

This group is quite rare. They are homozygous for the h allele, meaning they lack the H gene. They cannot form the H antigen (precursor of A and B antigens).

29
Q

which blood type does Bombay O group as?

A

Groups as type O as it is not agglutinated by anti A or B, or anti H

30
Q

are ABO antibodies naturally occurring or immune occurring?

A

naturally occurring but are thought to be stimulated by substances that are everywhere in nature (environmental antigens)

31
Q

How soon after birth can ABO antibodies be found?

A

3-6 months

32
Q

Are all ABO antibodies IgM?

A

Most are IgM, but some people have IgG at low levels

33
Q

What is direct agglutination?

A

A test which looks for serum antibodies

34
Q

at what temperatures do antibodies react at?

A

4-22 degrees centigrade but can also react at body temperature as they are potent

35
Q

where might an absence of ABO antibodies be found?

A

new borns, infants, patients with hypogammaglobinaemia or patients in chemo/radium treatment. May also be in elderly patients as levels may fall with increased age.

36
Q

what is a gammaglobin

A

an antibody

37
Q

Is it mandatory to use anti AB in cell grouping?

A

no

38
Q

Why might forward and reverse grouping not match?

A

If an infant <6 months old blood is tested

39
Q

Why should reverse grouping not be carried out on infants <6 months?

A

They don’t have any anti-A or anti-B antibodies

40
Q

Which groups of people have weak reactions for reverse grouping?

A

Elderly, immunocompromised and newborns

41
Q

How does antibody specificity work?

A

The variable region (sequence of amino acids) corresponds to specific antigen

1.2 Transfusion Science (6 decks)

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