RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM Terminologies only Flashcards
RH Blood group system- refers to a specific red blood cell antigen (____), currently composed of _______ different antigenic specificities
D antigen
61
2nd most important blood group system in terms of transfusion, as they are [less/very] immunogenic
RH blood group system
very immunogenic
Rh AG reside on
proteins
they are produced after exposure to foreign cells and once present, it can cause [2]
Rh AB
HTR, HDN
Discoveries that took place in 1939
Philip levine & stetson: RH blood group system [D antigen]
Discoveries that took place in 1940
Ab made guinea pigs/rabbit when transfused w/ Rhesus macaque monkey’s RBC
Fisher & Race – INVESTIGATED AG in human + newly defined Rh antrigen
Cc and Ee AG discovered
Rh [AG/AB] agglutinated [#%] human RBCs
Rh AB
85%
Rh was named after?
Rhesus macaque monkey
Anti-Rh produced by animals was renamed as ______. Since [2] discovered it in the animals
Anti-LW
Landsteiner & Weiner
Fisher-Race
—based on the theory that antigens of the systems are produced by [2/3] closely linked set of ______: _____ inherited from each parent
3
alleles
DCE
Fisher-Race
—RH blood group system antigens
D,d,C,c,E,e
What nomenclature is this theory?
Each person inherits a set of Rh genes from each parents
Fisher-Race
Fisher-Race
An individual’s Rh phenotype is reported as ____ because Fisher-Race postulated that the ____ locus lies between ____and ____ loci.
DCE
C/c
D/d and E/e
Fisher-Race
—-_______ represent actual Ags recognized by
specific antibodies.
C,c,E,e
Sequence of immunogenicity degree [high to low]
D>c>E>C>e
Enumerate the antigens being coded by the ff:
D gene
C gene
E gene
D antigen
C antigen
E antigen
Sequence [w/ percentage] of gene frequency
e [98%] > D [85%] > c [80%] > C [70%] > E [30%] > d [15%]
Accdg to this terminology ________
Gene responsible for defining Rh produces an ________ that contains a series of blood _____, in which each factor is an antigen recognized by an _______.
Weiner Terminology
agglutinogen
factors
antibody
According to Weiner , this Rh gene produced at least [#] factors within an agglutinogen.
3
In Weiber Nomenclature, _______ may be considered the phenotypic expression of the haplotype
Agglutinogen
__________ proposed a system that assigns a number to each antigen of the Rh system in order of its discovery or recognized relationship.
Rosenfield & associates Alphanumeric Terminology
This simply implies the presence or absence of the antigen on the RBC.
Rosenfield & associates
This system has no genetic basis
Rosenfield & Associates
adopted a [#]-digit number for each authenticated antigen belonging to a blood group system
International Society of Blood Transfusion [ISBT]
ISBT
First three number: represent the ______ [___]
Remaining three number: ________
system 004]
Antigenic Specificity
There are 2 closely linked genes located on chromosome 1, that controls the expression of Rh proteins:
RHCE
RHD
________ - codes for the presence or absence of the RhD protein
________ – codes for either RhCe, RhcE, Rhce, or RhCE proteins
RHD
RHCE
location of the 2 closely-linked genes that controls the epression of rH proteins.
Chromosome 1
resides in chromosome ___, produces a Rh-associated glycoprotein that is very similar in structure to the Rh proteins.
RHAG gene
6
is called a coexpressor and must be present
the successful expression of the Rh antigens but by itself does not express any of the Rh antigens.
RHAG gene
◆ Rh positive individuals constitute ___% of the population
◆ Rh negative individuals do not express the __ antigen on the RBC; Rh negative individuals constitute ____% of the population
85%
D
15%
absence of Rh antigens on the RBC membrane phenotype written as
________.
Rh null
( —/—)
weakened EXPRESSION of Rh antigens; placing a ______ indicates weakened antigen expression (small)
Rh mod
parenthesis
Approximately ___% of Rh negative individuals produce anti-___ if given Rh positive blood.
70%
anti-D
This is not being performed because C and E antigens are not as immunogenic as D
Routine typing of C and E
is a weak FORM of the D antigen rarely found among _______ but common in blacks (___%)
Weak D Antigen [Du]
Caucasians
22%
Du red cells give a [positive/negative-weak] reaction with anti-D
negative-weak
Du is detected by performing an _________
Indirect antiglobulin test
Mechanisms of Weak D [Du] Antigen
Elaborate
Genetic Weak D
– D antigens are completely expressed but FEW IN NUMBERS
Position effect: C in Trans to D
– trans causes decreased in D antigen sites.
[Normal: DCe/dce] PANTAY
[Weakened: Dce/dCe]
Incomplete/Partial D or D Mosaic
– 1 or more D epitopes missing/altered; remaining portion then stimulates ALLOANTIBODY
Del Phenotype
–RBC possess an EXTREMELY low number of D antigen that most reagent anti-D are unable to detect.
D antigen as Del phenotype can be detected by
adsorption and elution
Rh ANTIBODIES
➔ Mostly [IgM/IgG] and reacts optimally at ___ C after ______ testing (IgG 1,2,3,4; IgG __ and __ are the most clinically significant)
➔ Shows ______ and are enhanced by ______
➔ Causes _____ (most are [IgM/IgG] and can cross the placenta)
IgG
37C
antiglobulin testing
IgG1,3
dosage
enzymes
HDN
IgG
➔ Immune antibodies: production stimulated by [3]
pregnancy
transplantation
transfusion
RH ANTIBODIES
➔ [Bind/Do not bind] complement (intravascular)
➔ __________ is extravascular
Do not bind
RBC destruction
most clinically significant types of IgG in RH
IgG1,3
