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IMHM > ABO Blood group system > Flashcards

ABO Blood group system Flashcards

1
Q

[names] [date]
discovered the 4th blood group in the system (AB)

A

Sturle & von descatello
1902

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2
Q

THE LANDSTEINER LAW
1. The [Ag/Ab] is (+) on the RBC surface and [does it already determines the blood group/type]

  1. The [opposite naturally occurring/corresponding antibody] is NEVER FOUND in the individual’s serum
A

AG on the RBC surface
YES-determines

Corresponding

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3
Q

Enumerate their % in the US population:

O
A
B
AB

A

45%
40%
10%
5%

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4
Q

Enumerate their naturally occurring antibodies in serum

A
B
AB
O

A

Anti-B

Anti-A

NONE

Anti-A, Anti-B

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5
Q

Reverse Blood Typing

Detects ABO [Antigens/Antibodies] in the patient’s serum by using known ____ RBC’s (A and B cells)

A

Antibodies

reagent RBC’s A/B

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6
Q

Only unique to the ABO blood group system; checks results of forward typing

A

Reverse Blood Typing

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7
Q

Reverse Blood Typing

Specimen:
Reagent:

A

Px’s serum/plasma

Known Red Cells

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8
Q

Forward Blood Typing

uses [known/unknown] sources of _______ ________. [ANTI A, ANTI-B]

detects ABO [AG/AB] on px’s [RBC/Plasma-Serum]

A

known
commercial anti-sera

AG
RBC

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9
Q

[Name] [Date]
first described the theory for the inheritance of the ABO blood groups.

A

Bernstein
1924

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10
Q

hereditary units

A

genes

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11
Q

each parent contributes half of the ______ information to the child

A

genetic

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12
Q

✔The genes are precisely organized like a string of beads on a strand of DNA called as

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

✔Each gene occupies a specific location on the chromosome called a

A

Locus/Loci

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14
Q

✔each locus there may be several different form of genes which are known as

A

ALLELES

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15
Q

The gene that codes for the ABO blood type is located in the _____ portion of chromosome ____.

A

terminal
9

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16
Q

refers to the actual notation of the actual genes inherited from the parents

A

Genotype

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17
Q

if an offspring inherits identical alleles from both parents (Ex. AA, BB)

A

Homozygous

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18
Q

if an offspring inherits different alleles from the parents (Ex. AO, BO)

A

Heterozygous

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19
Q

refers to the serologically demonstrable antigens on the RBC membrane

A

Phenotype

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20
Q

a gene that does not produce any detectable trait. [+Example]

A

Amorph [silent gene]

O gene

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21
Q

gene is always expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologous chromosomes [+gene examples]

A

DOMINANT

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22
Q

does not express itself in the presence of a dominant gene. Expression occurs when it is inherited [in what genotype state: homozygous/heterozygous] [give at least 1 example of genotype]

[+gene examples]

A

RECESSIVE GENE

homozygous state
OO

O gene

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23
Q

Enumerate the genotype of the ff phenotypes:

A1
A2
A1B
A2B
B
O

A

A1:
A1A1, A1,A2, A10

A2:
A1B2, A20

A1B:
A1B

A2B:
A2B

B:
BB, BO

O:
OO

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24
Q

Formation of ABH antigens results from the interaction of ______ at _____ [+enumerate]

A

ABO genes

3 seperate loci
ABO,Hh, Se

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25
Q

Hh

[Fucosyl transferase 1/ Fucosyl transferase 2]

A

Fucosyl transferase 1/FUT1

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26
Q

Se

A

Fucosyl transferase 2/FUT2

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27
Q

Enumerate the chromosome location of the ff:

ABO
H
Se

A

Chromosome 9

Chromosome 19

Chromosome 19

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28
Q

_______ genes do not code for production of antigens but codes for _______ (_______) that add(+) sugars on the _____ region of the precursor substance:Type I [product] or Type II [product]

A

ABO genes

ENZYMES
fucosyltransferase

galasctose

soluble ABH antigens

ABH antigens on the RBC membrane

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29
Q

Secretor gene [Sese/SeSe]

responsible for production of __________ that results in the modification of the [Type 1 /2] precursor substance in secretions to express [what substance/antigen]

A

a-2-L-fucosyltransferase

Type 1

H substance/antigen

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30
Q

Presence of Secretor gene (Sese or SeSe)- Results in the addition of ________ on the Galactose region of [Type-1 /2] Precursor molecule.

A

L-fucose

Type 1

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31
Q

If secretor gene is RECESSIVE (sese).
–> ABH soluble antigen is [either/neither] expressed [or/nor] detected on those body fluids.

A

neither
nor

32
Q

“A gene” is responsible for production of ________ that will add the sugar________on the ________ region of the precursor molecule.

A

a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

N-acetylgalactosamine

Galactose

33
Q

“B gene” is responsible for production of ________ that will add the sugar________on the ________ region of the precursor molecule.

A

a-3-D-galactosyltransferase

D-galactose

Galactose

34
Q

Principle used in the detection of ABH soluble antigen in saliva

A

Hemagglutination Inhibition

35
Q

Hemagglutination inhibition is based on the idea that patients ABH soluble [Antigen/Antibody] in saliva will be [effect] by [Antigen/Antibody] reagent and an ______ cell is added.

A

ABH soluble antigen

neutralized

antibody reagent

indicator cell

36
Q

Hemagglutination composition

A

Px saliva [soluble ag] + Anti-sera [known Ab] + Indicator/Known cells

37
Q

Hemagglutination Inhibition in the determination of soluble antigen/secretor status in saliva.

[Elaborate]
Positive =__________
[Absence/Presence] of soluble antigen in the saliva.

Negative=__________
[Absence/Presence] of soluble antigen in the saliva.

A

[+]= NO Agglutination
Presence

[-]= Agglutination
Absence

38
Q

Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva
1. Chew a piece of ________ to stimulate secretion of saliva.
2. Collect Saliva on a sterile container
3. Transfer [#] ml of saliva in a clean test tube.
4. Place ______ tube of saliva in a [cold bath/ boiling water bath] for [5/10 mins]. This [activates/inactivates] enzymes that might otherwise destroy blood group substances.
5. Centrifuge at ______ rpm for [#] minutes.
6. Collect =_______ into a clean tube. The supernatant should be _____ or slightly
______.

A
  1. paraffin wax
  2. 2-3ml saliva
  3. stoppered
    boiling water
    10 mins
    inactivates
  4. 3200 rpm
    10 mins
  5. supernatant
    clear
    opalescent
39
Q

Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva

  1. Dilute saliva [ratio] with [solution]
    (undiluted saliva contains __________ that can inhibit [soluble antigen/known cells/antisera] and lead to incorrect results).
    [ __ml of supernatant = __ml of NSS]
  2. Prepare [ratio] dilution of Anti-A and Anti-B antisera.
    [ __ml of antisera = __ml of NSS]
  3. Prepare three test tubes and label as [3] Put 1 drop of Diluted Saliva in all tubes.
    + Respectively put [#] drop of DILUTED Anti-A/B/H in their corresponding A/B/H tube. (e.g.,: diluted anti-a = A tube)
  4. Mix and cover with _____. Incubate all tubes at [cold/room] temperature for 10 minutes.
A

7.
1:2
nonspecific glycoproteins
antisera

1ml
1ml

8.
1:4
1ml
3ml

  1. A, B, H
    1 drop
  2. paraffin wax
    room temperature
40
Q

IF PRESENT**
ANTI-A /B/H ➔ in “A/B/H” TUBE➔ will [EFFECT] “A/B/H” soluble antigen on patients saliva.

IF ABSENT **
Anti-A/B/H will remain [available/unavailable] and [unseen/freely floats] on the mixture

A

neutralized

available
freely floats

41
Q

Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva

  1. Respectively put [#] drop of [#%] of Known A/B/H cells on ABH tubes
  2. Again, Cover with parafilm and mix. Incubate at room temperature for [#] minutes
    OR for [#] minutes at [#] degrees Celsius water bath.
  3. Centrifuge for ___ seconds at [#] rpm.
  4. Gently dislodge the cell _____ and examine for agglutination.
  5. Interpret the result.
A
  1. 1 drop
    2-5%

12.
30-60 minutes
5 minutes at 37C

  1. 15 seconds
    3400 rpm
  2. cell button
42
Q
  • During the incubation, antibody that does not react/had been neutralized in step 9 will form a _____ with the antigen found on red cell [part] of the reagent (_____ cells).
A

complex
membrane
known

43
Q

In the procedure for the detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva, elaborate the purpose of 4 bath/incubation steps , respectively.

  1. Stoppered tube of saliva in a boiling water bath for 10 mins= _______ > Centrifuge for 10 mins again.
  2. Mix and cover parafilm> Incubate at room temp 10 mins= _________.
  3. Mix and cover parafilm > incubate at room temp for 30- 60 mins/ 15 mins at 37C water bath= _________.
  4. Centrifuge for 15 SECONDS at 3400 rpm= ________.
A
  1. Inactivate enzymes such as nonspecific glycoproteins that inhibit antisera.
  2. To check agglutination as per the mixture of Diluted saliva/anti-a/b/h + a/b/h tube.
  3. To check complex formation on antibodies that were not neutralized as per the mixture of 2-5% of known a/b/h +a/b/h tube.
  4. To examine agglutination as to dislodge cell button.
44
Q

Agglutination Results:
[Elaborate]

Blood type A Secretor:
Blood type B Secretor:
Blood type O Secretor:
Blood type AB Secretor:
Nonsecretor:

A

A= [X] AGGLUTINATION in A,H tube

B= [X] AGGLUTINATION in B,H tube

O= [X] AGGLUTINATION in H tube

AB= [X] AGGLUTINATION in A.B,H tube

NON SECRETOR= [WITH] AGGLUTINATION in A,B.H tube

45
Q

Is needed for the formation of A and B genes; without the it> A and B genes will not be coded

A

H gene

46
Q

— Most people are [homozygous/heterozygous ] ___
— The genotype (___) is extremely rare and is referred to as the: _____ phenotype

A

homozygous HH

hh
Bombay phenotype

47
Q

Antigen that is being converted by A and B genes; antigen needed in the production

A

H antigen

48
Q

Since the O gene is amorphic/silent, no _____ takes place, therefore the H antigen is found in [highest/lowest] concentration in Type ___ individuals

A

conversion

highest
Type O

49
Q

Amount of H-antigen/reaction with anti-H

[Arrange the sequence from highest to lowesr amount]

A

O> A2> B> A2B> A1> A1B

50
Q

Type I and Type II precursor substances; both are composed of [4 sugars]

A

2 molecules of D-galactose

1 molecule of N-acetylglucosamine
1 molecule of glucose

51
Q

Type 1/2 precursors DIFFER ONLY in the linkage of the terminal sugars. [+type of antigens derived]

Type 1:
Type 2:

A

Type 1: beta 1-3 linkage
ABH Soluble antigens /Secretor status

Type 2: beta 1-4 linkage
ABH antigens on RBC membrane

52
Q

ABH antigens in the _____: derived from both Type I and II precursor substances

A

plasma

53
Q

✔Red cell ABH antigens constists of 80 ______ and 20% _______ [from type I/II precursors]

✔Plasma ABH antigens consist predominantly of _______ [from type I/II precursors]

A

glycoproteins
glycolipids
Type II precursors

glycolipids
Type I precursors

54
Q

The H antigen (precursor of A and B antigen) is formed by the (+) of L-fucose to the terminal galactose on [either/both] @Type I or Type II precursors

A

either

55
Q

STRUCTURE OF TYPE 1 PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES:

________/glycan Glucose –> D -galactose –> N-acetylglucosamine —– [ beta 1-__ linkage] -> D-galactose

A

Paragloboside
1-3 linkage

56
Q

STRUCTURE OF TYPE 2 PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES:

Paragloboside/_____ Glucose –> D -galactose –> N-acetylglucosamine —– [ beta 1-__ linkage] -> D-galactose

A

glycan

1-4 linkage

57
Q

*If both genes are inherited:
✔A gene: converts H antigen to [#]- [#] A antigen sites
✔B gene: converts H antigen to: [#]-[#] B antigen sites

✔A gene: converts H antigen to [#] A antigen sites
✔B gene: coverts H antigen to [#] B antigen sites

A

810,000-1,170,000

610,000- 830,000

600,000
720,000

58
Q

ABO ANTIGEN can be demonstrated as early as _____________.

The [A/B] antigen appears to be weak at birth but at the age of one year, _______ reach final strength

ABO ANTIBODIES [are/aren’t] present at birth. If [present/absent] at birth, they originated from the mother through ______ leakage during _____.

Hence, they develop [#] months AFTER birth.

A

2nd month of fetal life

A antigen
agglutinogen

AREN’T
present at birth > placental > delivery
3-6 mos

59
Q

ABO ANTIGENS persist throughout life [altered/unaltered]

However, abnormal antigens may be found as acquired characteristics in [disease] (weak __ antigen) and [disease] ([normal/abnormal] secretion of ABH substance)

A

unaltered

leukemia
Weak A antigen

cancer
abnormal

60
Q

ABO antigens may be found in people who are [secretors/non-secretors/both]. And found found in _______ and other species

ABO antibodies may also be found in [2 species] as _____- extracts diluted to [effect] specific human blood group antigens

A

secretors

bacteria

animals, plants
lectins
agglutinate

61
Q

ABO antibodies may occur in [2 forms]

A

Naturally occurring antibodies
immune antibodies

62
Q

agglutinates A1 or A1B cells (anti-A1 lectin)

agglutinates B cells (anti-B lectin)

agglutinates O cells (H specificity) and other ABO blood groups depending on the amount of H antigen (anti-H lectin)

A

Dolichos biflorus

Bandeiraea simplicifolia

Ulex europaeus

63
Q

controls the presence of A, B, H antigens in saliva, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine and semen

A

Se gene

64
Q

3 genotypes of Se genes
[+classify if secretor/non-secretor]

A

Sese: secretor
SeSe: secretor
sese: non-secretor

65
Q

ABO ANTIBODIES are present in low ___ or even absent in cases of acquired and congenital [2 diseases]

A

titer

hypogammaglobulinemia
agammaglobulinemia

66
Q

Produced by individuals who lack the A and B antigen

A

Anti-A
Anti-B

67
Q

Anti-A, Anti-B
✔Predominantly ____.
✔ In Group O individuals, [IgM/IgG] anti-A and anti-B occur less frequently.

A

IgM

IgG

68
Q

Produced by Group O phenotype. They are not a simple mixture of anti-A and anti B but contain a ____ Ab that cross react with an [Ag/Ab[ present on both A and B antigens.

A

Anti-A,B

third antibody

Ag

69
Q

✔Naturally occurring, auto-antibody present in the serum of some A, and A,B individuals

A

Anti-H

70
Q

have low thermal range and are seldom clinically significant

A

Anti-H

71
Q

They occur as an [IgG/IgM/either/both] ________ in the serum of _____. individuals

A

either

Bombay

72
Q

Bombay individuals should be transfused only with blood from ____ phenotype individuals

A

Bombay

73
Q

Soluble substances are glycolipids or glycoproteins

A

glycoproteins

74
Q

IgG:

[Cold/Warm] REACTING
[37C/Room temp-Cold] TEMP
[CAN/CANNOT] CROSS PLACENTA
[INDICATED/NOT] BY HDN
[NATURALLY OCCURING/IMMUNE AB]

A

Warm

37C

Can

Indicated

Immune ab/autoantibodies

75
Q
A

IMHM (4 decks)

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