ABO Blood group system Flashcards
[names] [date]
discovered the 4th blood group in the system (AB)
Sturle & von descatello
1902
THE LANDSTEINER LAW
1. The [Ag/Ab] is (+) on the RBC surface and [does it already determines the blood group/type]
- The [opposite naturally occurring/corresponding antibody] is NEVER FOUND in the individual’s serum
AG on the RBC surface
YES-determines
Corresponding
Enumerate their % in the US population:
O
A
B
AB
45%
40%
10%
5%
Enumerate their naturally occurring antibodies in serum
A
B
AB
O
Anti-B
Anti-A
NONE
Anti-A, Anti-B
Reverse Blood Typing
Detects ABO [Antigens/Antibodies] in the patient’s serum by using known ____ RBC’s (A and B cells)
Antibodies
reagent RBC’s A/B
Only unique to the ABO blood group system; checks results of forward typing
Reverse Blood Typing
Reverse Blood Typing
Specimen:
Reagent:
Px’s serum/plasma
Known Red Cells
Forward Blood Typing
uses [known/unknown] sources of _______ ________. [ANTI A, ANTI-B]
detects ABO [AG/AB] on px’s [RBC/Plasma-Serum]
known
commercial anti-sera
AG
RBC
[Name] [Date]
first described the theory for the inheritance of the ABO blood groups.
Bernstein
1924
hereditary units
genes
each parent contributes half of the ______ information to the child
genetic
✔The genes are precisely organized like a string of beads on a strand of DNA called as
Chromosomes
✔Each gene occupies a specific location on the chromosome called a
Locus/Loci
✔each locus there may be several different form of genes which are known as
ALLELES
The gene that codes for the ABO blood type is located in the _____ portion of chromosome ____.
terminal
9
refers to the actual notation of the actual genes inherited from the parents
Genotype
if an offspring inherits identical alleles from both parents (Ex. AA, BB)
Homozygous
if an offspring inherits different alleles from the parents (Ex. AO, BO)
Heterozygous
refers to the serologically demonstrable antigens on the RBC membrane
Phenotype
a gene that does not produce any detectable trait. [+Example]
Amorph [silent gene]
O gene
gene is always expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologous chromosomes [+gene examples]
DOMINANT
does not express itself in the presence of a dominant gene. Expression occurs when it is inherited [in what genotype state: homozygous/heterozygous] [give at least 1 example of genotype]
[+gene examples]
RECESSIVE GENE
homozygous state
OO
O gene
Enumerate the genotype of the ff phenotypes:
A1
A2
A1B
A2B
B
O
A1:
A1A1, A1,A2, A10
A2:
A1B2, A20
A1B:
A1B
A2B:
A2B
B:
BB, BO
O:
OO
Formation of ABH antigens results from the interaction of ______ at _____ [+enumerate]
ABO genes
3 seperate loci
ABO,Hh, Se
Hh
[Fucosyl transferase 1/ Fucosyl transferase 2]
Fucosyl transferase 1/FUT1
Se
Fucosyl transferase 2/FUT2
Enumerate the chromosome location of the ff:
ABO
H
Se
Chromosome 9
Chromosome 19
Chromosome 19
_______ genes do not code for production of antigens but codes for _______ (_______) that add(+) sugars on the _____ region of the precursor substance:Type I [product] or Type II [product]
ABO genes
ENZYMES
fucosyltransferase
galasctose
soluble ABH antigens
ABH antigens on the RBC membrane
Secretor gene [Sese/SeSe]
responsible for production of __________ that results in the modification of the [Type 1 /2] precursor substance in secretions to express [what substance/antigen]
a-2-L-fucosyltransferase
Type 1
H substance/antigen
Presence of Secretor gene (Sese or SeSe)- Results in the addition of ________ on the Galactose region of [Type-1 /2] Precursor molecule.
L-fucose
Type 1
If secretor gene is RECESSIVE (sese).
–> ABH soluble antigen is [either/neither] expressed [or/nor] detected on those body fluids.
neither
nor
“A gene” is responsible for production of ________ that will add the sugar________on the ________ region of the precursor molecule.
a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
N-acetylgalactosamine
Galactose
“B gene” is responsible for production of ________ that will add the sugar________on the ________ region of the precursor molecule.
a-3-D-galactosyltransferase
D-galactose
Galactose
Principle used in the detection of ABH soluble antigen in saliva
Hemagglutination Inhibition
Hemagglutination inhibition is based on the idea that patients ABH soluble [Antigen/Antibody] in saliva will be [effect] by [Antigen/Antibody] reagent and an ______ cell is added.
ABH soluble antigen
neutralized
antibody reagent
indicator cell
Hemagglutination composition
Px saliva [soluble ag] + Anti-sera [known Ab] + Indicator/Known cells
Hemagglutination Inhibition in the determination of soluble antigen/secretor status in saliva.
[Elaborate]
Positive =__________
[Absence/Presence] of soluble antigen in the saliva.
Negative=__________
[Absence/Presence] of soluble antigen in the saliva.
[+]= NO Agglutination
Presence
[-]= Agglutination
Absence
Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva
1. Chew a piece of ________ to stimulate secretion of saliva.
2. Collect Saliva on a sterile container
3. Transfer [#] ml of saliva in a clean test tube.
4. Place ______ tube of saliva in a [cold bath/ boiling water bath] for [5/10 mins]. This [activates/inactivates] enzymes that might otherwise destroy blood group substances.
5. Centrifuge at ______ rpm for [#] minutes.
6. Collect =_______ into a clean tube. The supernatant should be _____ or slightly
______.
- paraffin wax
- 2-3ml saliva
- stoppered
boiling water
10 mins
inactivates - 3200 rpm
10 mins - supernatant
clear
opalescent
Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva
- Dilute saliva [ratio] with [solution]
(undiluted saliva contains __________ that can inhibit [soluble antigen/known cells/antisera] and lead to incorrect results).
[ __ml of supernatant = __ml of NSS] - Prepare [ratio] dilution of Anti-A and Anti-B antisera.
[ __ml of antisera = __ml of NSS] - Prepare three test tubes and label as [3] Put 1 drop of Diluted Saliva in all tubes.
+ Respectively put [#] drop of DILUTED Anti-A/B/H in their corresponding A/B/H tube. (e.g.,: diluted anti-a = A tube) - Mix and cover with _____. Incubate all tubes at [cold/room] temperature for 10 minutes.
7.
1:2
nonspecific glycoproteins
antisera
1ml
1ml
8.
1:4
1ml
3ml
- A, B, H
1 drop - paraffin wax
room temperature
IF PRESENT**
ANTI-A /B/H ➔ in “A/B/H” TUBE➔ will [EFFECT] “A/B/H” soluble antigen on patients saliva.
IF ABSENT **
Anti-A/B/H will remain [available/unavailable] and [unseen/freely floats] on the mixture
neutralized
available
freely floats
Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva
- Respectively put [#] drop of [#%] of Known A/B/H cells on ABH tubes
- Again, Cover with parafilm and mix. Incubate at room temperature for [#] minutes
OR for [#] minutes at [#] degrees Celsius water bath. - Centrifuge for ___ seconds at [#] rpm.
- Gently dislodge the cell _____ and examine for agglutination.
- Interpret the result.
- 1 drop
2-5%
12.
30-60 minutes
5 minutes at 37C
- 15 seconds
3400 rpm - cell button
- During the incubation, antibody that does not react/had been neutralized in step 9 will form a _____ with the antigen found on red cell [part] of the reagent (_____ cells).
complex
membrane
known
In the procedure for the detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva, elaborate the purpose of 4 bath/incubation steps , respectively.
- Stoppered tube of saliva in a boiling water bath for 10 mins= _______ > Centrifuge for 10 mins again.
- Mix and cover parafilm> Incubate at room temp 10 mins= _________.
- Mix and cover parafilm > incubate at room temp for 30- 60 mins/ 15 mins at 37C water bath= _________.
- Centrifuge for 15 SECONDS at 3400 rpm= ________.
- Inactivate enzymes such as nonspecific glycoproteins that inhibit antisera.
- To check agglutination as per the mixture of Diluted saliva/anti-a/b/h + a/b/h tube.
- To check complex formation on antibodies that were not neutralized as per the mixture of 2-5% of known a/b/h +a/b/h tube.
- To examine agglutination as to dislodge cell button.
Agglutination Results:
[Elaborate]
Blood type A Secretor:
Blood type B Secretor:
Blood type O Secretor:
Blood type AB Secretor:
Nonsecretor:
A= [X] AGGLUTINATION in A,H tube
B= [X] AGGLUTINATION in B,H tube
O= [X] AGGLUTINATION in H tube
AB= [X] AGGLUTINATION in A.B,H tube
NON SECRETOR= [WITH] AGGLUTINATION in A,B.H tube
Is needed for the formation of A and B genes; without the it> A and B genes will not be coded
H gene
— Most people are [homozygous/heterozygous ] ___
— The genotype (___) is extremely rare and is referred to as the: _____ phenotype
homozygous HH
hh
Bombay phenotype
Antigen that is being converted by A and B genes; antigen needed in the production
H antigen
Since the O gene is amorphic/silent, no _____ takes place, therefore the H antigen is found in [highest/lowest] concentration in Type ___ individuals
conversion
highest
Type O
Amount of H-antigen/reaction with anti-H
[Arrange the sequence from highest to lowesr amount]
O> A2> B> A2B> A1> A1B
Type I and Type II precursor substances; both are composed of [4 sugars]
2 molecules of D-galactose
1 molecule of N-acetylglucosamine
1 molecule of glucose
Type 1/2 precursors DIFFER ONLY in the linkage of the terminal sugars. [+type of antigens derived]
Type 1:
Type 2:
Type 1: beta 1-3 linkage
ABH Soluble antigens /Secretor status
Type 2: beta 1-4 linkage
ABH antigens on RBC membrane
ABH antigens in the _____: derived from both Type I and II precursor substances
plasma
✔Red cell ABH antigens constists of 80 ______ and 20% _______ [from type I/II precursors]
✔Plasma ABH antigens consist predominantly of _______ [from type I/II precursors]
glycoproteins
glycolipids
Type II precursors
glycolipids
Type I precursors
The H antigen (precursor of A and B antigen) is formed by the (+) of L-fucose to the terminal galactose on [either/both] @Type I or Type II precursors
either
STRUCTURE OF TYPE 1 PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES:
________/glycan Glucose –> D -galactose –> N-acetylglucosamine —– [ beta 1-__ linkage] -> D-galactose
Paragloboside
1-3 linkage
STRUCTURE OF TYPE 2 PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES:
Paragloboside/_____ Glucose –> D -galactose –> N-acetylglucosamine —– [ beta 1-__ linkage] -> D-galactose
glycan
1-4 linkage
*If both genes are inherited:
✔A gene: converts H antigen to [#]- [#] A antigen sites
✔B gene: converts H antigen to: [#]-[#] B antigen sites
✔A gene: converts H antigen to [#] A antigen sites
✔B gene: coverts H antigen to [#] B antigen sites
810,000-1,170,000
610,000- 830,000
600,000
720,000
ABO ANTIGEN can be demonstrated as early as _____________.
The [A/B] antigen appears to be weak at birth but at the age of one year, _______ reach final strength
ABO ANTIBODIES [are/aren’t] present at birth. If [present/absent] at birth, they originated from the mother through ______ leakage during _____.
Hence, they develop [#] months AFTER birth.
2nd month of fetal life
A antigen
agglutinogen
AREN’T
present at birth > placental > delivery
3-6 mos
ABO ANTIGENS persist throughout life [altered/unaltered]
However, abnormal antigens may be found as acquired characteristics in [disease] (weak __ antigen) and [disease] ([normal/abnormal] secretion of ABH substance)
unaltered
leukemia
Weak A antigen
cancer
abnormal
ABO antigens may be found in people who are [secretors/non-secretors/both]. And found found in _______ and other species
ABO antibodies may also be found in [2 species] as _____- extracts diluted to [effect] specific human blood group antigens
secretors
bacteria
animals, plants
lectins
agglutinate
ABO antibodies may occur in [2 forms]
Naturally occurring antibodies
immune antibodies
agglutinates A1 or A1B cells (anti-A1 lectin)
agglutinates B cells (anti-B lectin)
agglutinates O cells (H specificity) and other ABO blood groups depending on the amount of H antigen (anti-H lectin)
Dolichos biflorus
Bandeiraea simplicifolia
Ulex europaeus
controls the presence of A, B, H antigens in saliva, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine and semen
Se gene
3 genotypes of Se genes
[+classify if secretor/non-secretor]
Sese: secretor
SeSe: secretor
sese: non-secretor
ABO ANTIBODIES are present in low ___ or even absent in cases of acquired and congenital [2 diseases]
titer
hypogammaglobulinemia
agammaglobulinemia
Produced by individuals who lack the A and B antigen
Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-A, Anti-B
✔Predominantly ____.
✔ In Group O individuals, [IgM/IgG] anti-A and anti-B occur less frequently.
IgM
IgG
Produced by Group O phenotype. They are not a simple mixture of anti-A and anti B but contain a ____ Ab that cross react with an [Ag/Ab[ present on both A and B antigens.
Anti-A,B
third antibody
Ag
✔Naturally occurring, auto-antibody present in the serum of some A, and A,B individuals
Anti-H
have low thermal range and are seldom clinically significant
Anti-H
They occur as an [IgG/IgM/either/both] ________ in the serum of _____. individuals
either
Bombay
Bombay individuals should be transfused only with blood from ____ phenotype individuals
Bombay
Soluble substances are glycolipids or glycoproteins
glycoproteins
IgG:
[Cold/Warm] REACTING
[37C/Room temp-Cold] TEMP
[CAN/CANNOT] CROSS PLACENTA
[INDICATED/NOT] BY HDN
[NATURALLY OCCURING/IMMUNE AB]
Warm
37C
Can
Indicated
Immune ab/autoantibodies
