RH Blood Group Part 1 Flashcards
History
1609: what was discovered by a French midwife in a set of twins
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
one was hydropic and stillborn, while the twin was jaundiced and died of kernicterus
History
1930s (before 1939): the concern on blood types were limited to — only
- despite the correct ABO match, people were wondering there are still mortalitiy and morbidity problems
- there are reports about Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTR) and Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDN)
ABO
History
1939: who described an HTR (hemolytic transfusion reaction) on an obstetrical patient after delivering a stillborn infant which then required transfusion and had her husband be the donor because they have the same ABO blood type
Dr. Philip Levine
Rufus Stetson
History
in what year was an antibody was isolated from the mother’s serum that reacts on both 37C and 20C with the father’s RBC
described by Dr. Philip Levine and Rufus Stetson
the mother’s serum also reacted from 80 out of 104 ABO-compatible donors, that’s whi it was then thought that the fetus and the father had something in common that the mother lacked
1939
History
In what year and who reported that an antibody made by a guinea pigs and rabbits when transfused with Rhesus macaque monkeys RBCs
1940- Dr. Karl Landsteiner and Dr. Alexander S. Wiener
History
in 1940, the antibody produced by guinea pigs and rabbits when transfused with Rhesus macaque monkey RBCs reacted on how many percent of human RBCs
reprorted by Landsteiner and Wiener
85%
where was “Rh” antibody named from
what animal
Rhesus macaque monkey
History
in 1941, he found over 90% of erythroblastosis fetalis cases is when the mother is Rh-negative and the father was Rh-positive
it was also this time when they concluded that the mother had been immunized by the fetus (inherited the antigen from the father)
Dr. Levine
History
what caused the erythroblastosis fetalis from the patient of Dr. Levine
the maternal antibody
History
the agglutinin causing the HTR and the antibody described by Landsteiner defines —
Levine and coworkers
years later, it was proven different (human anti-Rh and animal anti-Rh are not the same)
defines the same blood group
History
the name “Rh” was retained for human-made anti-Rhesus antibody, while the anti-Rh for animals was renamed — in honor of two scientists (who were they)
renamed “anti-LW” in honor of Dr. Karl Landsteiner and Dr. Alexander S. Wiener
Terminologies
who were the people behind “Fisher-Race” or “DCE term”
both were investigating blood groups including the newly discovered Rh antigen
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher
Dr. Robert Russell Race
Terminologies
in 1941, Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher named — on the basis of the reactivity of two antibodies that recognized — antigens
C and c antigens; antithetical antigens
he then used the next letters of the alphabet (D and E) to define the antigens recognized by two additional antibodies
Terminologies
in 1943, Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher proposed that “antigens of the system were produced by —; each gene was responsible for producing an antigen on the RBC surface”
3 closely linked set of alleles
Terminologies
the phenotype of a given RBC is defined by the presence of these expressions
each antigen and corresponding gene were given the same letter
C or c
D or d
E or e
each person inherits a set of Rh gene from each parents (D or d; C or c; E or e) because it was thought to be codominant
Terminologies
C=
c=
D=
d=
E=
e=
gene frequencies of common Rh antigens in Caucasians
C= 70%
c= 80%
D= 85%
d= 15%
E= 30%
e= 98%
Terminologies
in 1946, Rh phenotype was reported in order of — because Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher thought of C/c locus lies betweed D/d and E/e loci
DCE
Terminologies
in DCE phenotype, the small letter does not represent an antigen but simply the — of the antigen
absence
for example the “d” does not indicate an antigen, but rather its absence
Terminologies
placing a phenotype inside a parenthesis indicates a —
placing parenthesis around “D” = (D)
weakened antigen
Terminologies
the Fisher-Race terminology was followed for —
by Sir Arnold Aylmer Fisher and Dr. Robert Russell Race
written communication
Terminologies
who was responsible for “Rh-hr” terminology
Dr. Alexander Wiener
he believed that there was one gene responsible for defining Rh that produced an agglutinogen containing a series of blood factors
Terminologies
Rh gene produce at least — factors within an agglutinogen
“Rh-hr” terminology by Dr. Alexander Wiener
3 factors
Terminologies
Rh-hr terminology may be considered the phenotypic expression of the —
by Dr. Alexander Wiener
haplotype
Terminologies
R=
r=
1 or single prime=
2 or double prime=
Z=
0=
‘=
“=
y=
Rh-hr terminology by Dr. Alexander Wiener
R= indicates presence of D
r= indicated “d” (absence of D antigen)
1 or single prime= presence of C (ex. R1)
2 or double prime= presence of E
Z= presence of CE (with D)
0= presence of ce
‘= presence of Ce without D (ex. r’)
“= presence of cE without D (ex. r”)
y= presence of CE wihout D (ex. r^)
Terminologies
introduced the “alphanumeric terminology” in 1962
new terminology for Rh group
created to more accurately represent the serologic data and to be more compatible with computer use
Richard Rosenfield and coworkers
assigns a number to each antigen of the Rh system in order of its discovery or recognized relationship to the Rh system
Terminologies
this terminology have no genetic basis and does not involve theory of Rh inheritance
by Richard Rosenfield and coworkers
simply demonstrates the presence or absence of the antigen on the RBC
Alphanumeric terminology
Terminologies
D=
C=
E=
e=
alphanumeric terminology by Richard Rosenfield and coworkers
D= 1
C= 2
E= 3
c= 4
e= 5
