Reward

Question 1

Who thought here were three emotional/motivational systems and what were they?

Answer 1

Gray (1982) –
Behavioural Approach/Activation System - wanting, liking, rwewarding, thrills
Behavioural Inhibition System - anxiety, wary, caution, conflict
Flight/Flight System (later FFF system - fight, flight, freezing) - fear, panic

Question 2

Who did an experiment into the heritability of BIS/BAS and who did it?

Answer 2

Takahashi et al, 2007 – identical vs fraternal twins – heritbality of BIS and BAS = 0.28-0.35 – thus 1/3 of variance can be attrributed to genes. GENETIC

Question 3

What traits are high BAS scores normally associated with?

Answer 3

Traits of extraverts, ‘novelty-seeking’ ‘reward-dependence’

Question 4

What triats are associated with BIS?

Answer 4

Neuroticism, harm avoidance, trait anxiety

Question 5

What is dopamine associated with and who decided this?

Answer 5

Berridge 2006 – dopamine’s contribution appears to be chiefly to cause ‘wanting’ for hedonic rewards, more than ‘liking’ or ‘learning’ for the rewards

Question 6

What were Hahn et al (2009)’s main findings?

Answer 6

Significant bilateral responses for both small and big reward anticipation contrasts observed in the ventral striatum, amygdala and OFC
Value of the reward directly imparied OFC activation
ACtivation during reward anticipation increased as the reward increased
Findings, generally, support idea of increased BAS activity in those with higher triat sensitivty (although not th case for smaller rewards)

Question 7

Which receptor is heavily implicated in the reward process and who found this?

Answer 7

Cohen et al, 2005 –Dopamine (d2) receptor.
Individual differences in extraversion and presence of DRD2A1 allele = predicted responsiveness to rewards in OFC, amygdala and NA
A1 allele of DA receptor clearly blunts the reward response

Question 8

Which area of the brain is extraversion co-varied with and who reported this?

Answer 8

Deyoung et al, 2010 – extraversion co-varied with volume of medial orbitofrontal cortex

Question 9

Who did an experiment into relationship betwee nfood craving, BMI and sensitivity to reward and what did they do?

Answer 9

QUESTIONNAIRES. Franken & Muris, 2005 – 2 questionnaires. SP-SRQ (Torrubia et al (2001)) and FCQ-T (39 item food craving Q). BMI measured (self-reported)

Question 10

What did Franekn and Muris, 2005 find?

Answer 10

SR score correlated wtih both BMI (ps theory – food intake seems to be regulated by ind diffsi n sensitiivty to reward

Question 11

What two explanations did Franken and Mursi (2005) put forward to explain their results?

Answer 11

Signalling and Consumption of rewarding cues increases extra-cellular dopamine consumption in striatum (Schultz.1998)
Eating = result of lowered dopamine (D2) receptors (Wang et al, 2001 – PET = relative body weight in obesity = inveresely correlated with levels of D2 receptor measures)

Question 12

Who did an experiment into the relationship betwee appetising foods and BAS drive scores and what did they find?

Answer 12

Beaver et al, 2006 – response to appetising foods = strongly correlated with BAS drive scores in classic reward areas. Used fMRI to measure BOLD

Question 13

What do ind diffs in measures of trait reward sensitivity predict and who said this?

Answer 13

Davis et al, 2004 – Ind diffs in measures of trait reward sensitivity predcit food cravings, hyperphagia and relative body weight

Question 14

What did Fiorino et al, 1997 conclude?

Answer 14

Stimulus properties of a novel receptive female may serve to increase NAC DA transmission in a sexually satiated male rat – this in turn may be related to reinitiation of sexual behaviour

Question 15

Who did an experiment involving undergraduat e studnets and what did it involve?

Answer 15

Demos et al, 2012 – Time 1 - brain scan. Weight, NA activity to food and sexual images. Time 2 - repeat = 6 months later

Question 16

What were the results of Demos et al, 2012 experiment?

Answer 16

NA activity to food and sexual images predicts weight gain and sexual desire respectively
NA actiivty was higher on viewing sexual imagines in dividiauls who reported having sex with at least one partner (p<0,0001).
The degree to which reward-relatedness activates the NA predicts how much that person will subsequently engage in that rewarding behaviour
UNI study – other big life changes - take into account

Question 17

Three examples of dopamine/reward in actual life conditions

Answer 17

Clautier et al, 2008 - physical attrafctiveness
Brooks et al, 2011 - bulimia nervosa
Kober et al, 2010 – strategies to reduce cravings

Question 18

Who did research into physical attractivness and the Nucleus accumbens and what did they find?

Answer 18

Clautier et al, 2008 – cues of physical attractiveness activates NACC in males and females

Question 19

who did research into bulimia nervosa and reward and what did they conclude?

Answer 19

Brooks et al, 2011 – individuals with bulimia nervosa shows increased brain activity when observing food cues

Question 20

Who did research into cognitive strategies involved with reducing cravings and what did they find?

Answer 20

Kober et al, 2010 – cognitive strateies aimed at reducing cigarette nad food cravings = associated with reduced actiivty in the VS

Question 21

What is the relationship between stress and self-regulation?

Answer 21

Heatherton & Wagner, 2011 – stress may disrupt self-regulatory efforts as it’s associated with reduced top down control from PFC in conjunction with heightened hedonic responses to appetitive stimuli

Question 22

Why does stres have an effect on behaviour

Answer 22

Stress weakens pre-frontal cover over behaviour (Arnsten, 2009) while also sensitising reward systems to biologically salient stimuli (Piazza & LeMoal, 1998)

Question 23

What did Hariri et al, 2006 do/find out?

Answer 23

BOLD fMRI –> bilateral striatal activity is associated with both positive and negative feedback blocks by bilateral activation is greater in response to postiive blocks

Question 24

Whod id an experiment about VS activity and immediate and delayed rewards - what did they find?

Answer 24

McClure et al, 2004 – VS activity = significantly higher when PPS chose a small immediate monetary reward comprared with a larger delayed reward
Selection of larger delayed rewards are associated with activity in the lateral OFC and dorsolateral PFC

Question 25

What do PET studies in obese people tell us about hte D2 receptor?

Answer 25

Obese individauls show less D2 receptor bindings in the striatum which suggests that they ahve fewer D2 receptors

Question 26

Who exposed mice to a hgih fat diet in an experiment - what did theyf ind?

Answer 26

Huang et al, 2006 - mice exposed to a high fat diet = those with lower D2 receptor density in putament showed more weight gain than mice with higher D2 receptor densitiy in this region

Question 27

What did Stice et al, 2010 find?

Answer 27

Their results suggest that indiivdual swho show weaker reponsibility of food reward circuityry are at an increased risk for unhealthy weight gain if they are at genetic risk for reduced dopamine signalling
Greater activation in these brain areas predicted elevated future weight gain for those not at genetic risk for reduced dopamine signalling

Question 28

What did STice et al, 2010 suggest due tot their findings?

Answer 28

They’re might be 2 distinct pathways to unhealthy weight gain that arise from abnormal responsivity of reward circutiy and genetic risk