Love

Question 1

What can make your marriage of poorer quality and who found this?

Answer 1

Walum et al, 2008 – if both your ocpies of gene AVPR1A are a particular variant - marriage is of poorer quality

Question 2

How does neuroimaging subtraction technique work?

Answer 2

Tasks activation pattern when doing one thing (E.g. looking at wife) - acivation when looking at control (another woman) = brain activated for romantic love

Question 3

Who use the neuroimaging subtraction technique to decipher brain activatin for romantic and parental love?

Answer 3

Bartels & Zeki (2004) – both types of love activated specific and overalpping regions in brains’ rewards system that concincide with areas rich in vasopresin and oxytocin
Both de-activated common set of regions associated wiht negative emotions, social judgement

Question 4

What conclusion did Bartels & Zeki come to re the concept of human attachment?

Answer 4

Push and pull mechanism
OVercomes social distance by de-activating networks used for critical social assessment and negative emotions
Binds individuals through involvment of reward circuitry

Question 5

What kind of voles have life long mating?

Answer 5

Prairie voles

Question 6

Stat about mammalanian species and moonogamous social strucutre

Answer 6

<5% of mammalian species havae monogamous social strucutre

Question 7

Which two neuropeptides are involved in pair bonding and parental beahviour in voles and other rodents?

Answer 7

oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 8

Gender and oxytocin/vasopressing?

Answer 8

Both present in both sexes. General rule - Oxytocin = more important in females
Vasopressin = more important in males

Question 9

What area of the brain to oxytocin and vasopressing work with?

Answer 9

Fore brain regions

Question 10

How can hte effects of oxytocin be described?

Answer 10

Pro-social – parental behaivour, attachment in young, social recognition, sexual behaviour, pair bonding, empahty, ToM, interpersonal warmth and trsut (last 4 =for humans)

Question 11

who did an experiment into oxytocin receptor density in monogamous and non-monogamous rodents - what did they find

Answer 11

Ross & Young (2009) –oxytocin receptor density (NA/Caudate/PFC) = much higher in prairie vole than non-monogamous rats or mice

Question 12

What did Ross et al, 2009 show?

Answer 12

Infusion of the OXT-R antagonist into NA or PFC = sufficient to block preference for the mating partner over a stranger. Therefore oxytocin receptors in NA and PFC = required for normal pair bonding

Question 13

Where do vasoprssin and oxytocin peak?

Answer 13

Vasopressing peak = arousal, oxytocin peak = ejaculation

Question 14

Who ddi an experiment on meadow voles and vasopressing - what did they find?

Answer 14

Lim et al, 2004 – increased vasopression V1aR gene injected into ventral pallidum = increased huddling effect (measure of partner affilitation) - specific to partner not stranger
Enhance vasopressin makes meadow voles act more like prairie voels

Question 15

Whod di an experiment on the 334 allele?

Answer 15

Walum et al, 2008
Male with one or 2 copies of th e334 allele As opposed to none) are less likely to get married, more likely to experience serious threat to relationship and females will report less quality in relationship particulary re affection.

Question 16

What are the possible limitations of hte Walum et al, 2008 experiment>

Answer 16

study of couples together for 5 years - maybe men with 334 allele = only in ST/no relationship.
Other influences on marriage

Question 17

Who did an experiment into couple conflict?

Answer 17

Ditzen et al, 2009 – intranasal oxytocin increases positive communication and reduces coriticla levels during couple conflit
OXytocin reduces stress

Question 18

Who did an experiment involving young women recounting stories and what did it involve

Answer 18

Gonzaga et al, 2006 – young women recount positive emotiion regarding love or infatuation with male parnter present. Blood tests before and during for oxytocin. Observed throughout for affectionate and sexual beahiour

Question 19

What were the results of Gonzaga et al’s experiment?

Answer 19

BEHAVIOURAL - 2006 - Romantic displays strongly correlated with oxytocin release. No correlation with overt sexual displays. So variation in release of oxytocin = strongly predicts romantic displays by human females.

Question 20

Who did an experiment on oxytocin and the investor game?

Answer 20

Kosfeld et al, 2005 – Oxytocin promotes trust even after ‘betrayal’ in this avestment game. Oxytocin also reduced amygdala activation and increased caudate activation. This was in the socail risk not hte mechanistic risk version.
Possiblity that oxytoicin helps subjects overcome their betrayal aversion in social interactions = most likely – consistent twith teh differeing effects of oxytocin across turst and risk experimtns and si further supported by the fact that investors faced considerable betrayal risk

Question 21

TWo experiments involving MDMA?

Answer 21

Thompson et al, 2007

Wolff et al, 2006

Question 22

What did Thompson et al, 2007 experiment inovlve?

Answer 22

MDMA inccreases social interaction – rats huddle together
MDMA activates OXT-containing hypothalamic neurons
MDMA increases OXT levels in plasma

Question 23

What did Wolff et al, 2006 experiment inolve>

Answer 23

MDMA increases plasma OXT + vasopressin levels in clubbing humans. OXT -receptor antagonist blunts the pro-social effeccts of MDMA when co-adminsitered

Question 24

What does success on a social recognition task depend on?

Answer 24

Accurate perception of another’s individual olfactory signature and memoyr and social novelty detection.

Question 25

What effect does V1aR gene have on social recognition in mice and who showed thsi?

Answer 25

Bielsky et al, 2004 – knocking out vasopressin reeptor V1aR in male mice serverely impairs social recognitiion

Question 26

Eye gaze and oxytocin experiment

Answer 26

Guastella et al, 2008 – oxytocin increases gaze to the eye region of human faces

Question 27

Which experiment had 1100 citations on google scholar and what did it invovle

Answer 27

Baron-Cohen et al,2001 – Revised version of reading the mind in teh eyes test.
High functioning autistsic or asper’s = score was sig worse than controls
Women slightly better than men (non-sig)
Inverse correlation between mind eyes test and autism spectrum quotient (r = -0.53, p = 0.004)

Question 28

What were the results of Domes et al, 2007?

Answer 28

Oxytocin imrpoves ‘mind-reading’ in humans – high scroes after intranasal oxytocin. Especially strong effect size for dififcult items

Question 29

Oxytocin and empathy experiment?

Answer 29

Rodriguez et al, 2009 – oxytocin receptor genetic variaiont relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans. Ademine allele increases likelihood of ASD diagnosis and predisposes to higher stress

Question 30

Waht are the two main tesst of empathy?

Answer 30

behavioural - e.g. reading mind in the eye

Davis (1983) - self report quesitonnarire for ind diffs in empathy

Question 31

What are the three dimesnsions to empathy

Answer 31

Perspective taking, empathic concern and fantasy (involved in feelings of characters in a novel)

Question 32

What do oxytocin receptor KO mice do with reagard to maternal behaviour?

Answer 32

Maternal behaviour = reduced, pups = scattered around cage, and less time spent licking, grooming pups

Question 33

Ross and Young, 2009 ??

Answer 33

Oxytocin promotes attachemnt to motther, OXT-KO mice = take longer to return to mother

Question 34

Mother and fathers’ affectionate play and oxytocin?

Answer 34

Gordon et al, 2010 – 10 minute play session monitored. Affectionate play (e.g. motherese) and stimulatin play (e.g. object presentation)
As mothers’ oxy levels increased, as did affectionate beahviour
AS fathers oxy lveels increasesed so di stimualating behaviour

Question 35

What were Feldman et al’s results?

Answer 35

As m + f’s leveles of oxytocin increased, teh amount they touched their babies increased
Longest gaze synchrony = high oxy levels and low risk CD38 allele
Shortest = low oxy leveles an dhigh risk allele
So Sensitive parenting (if gaze synchrony = good measure + is associated with plasma oxyytocin and polymorphisms int eh OXTR and CD38 genes

Question 36

Three ways fo measuring social interaction?

Answer 36

Objective tests with implied interaction (e.g. mind in the eyes)
Objective tests with actual interaction (parenting - a bit forced?
Self-report questionnnaries (Davis empathy Q = 1983)

Question 37

What did Delgado, 2008 do/discover>

Answer 37

Placebo PPS = dereased experssion of trust after discovery of previous betrayal
PPS that had received oxytocin = maintainted their pros-social behaivour of sharing in the trust game, irrespective of breaches of trust

Question 38

What brain activity dirfferences were seen in Delgado et al, 2008 experiment?

Answer 38

Oxytocin group = less activation in amygdala and caudate nuleus - supports idea tha tmechanism by which oxytocin affects social behaviour = through a decrase in fear mechanisms associated with betrayal aversion.
This was all exclusive to social risks (apparent in trust game, not risk game)

Question 39

How do oxytocin and vasporessing neuropeptides differ from each other?

Answer 39

at only 2 amino acid positions

Question 40

Who thought the link between genes, brain and beahviour remains weak?

Answer 40

Donaldson & Young, 2008

Question 41

What is an example of how identifying the molecular underpinnings of social deficits may yield important clues into their treament?

Answer 41

BArtz & Hollander 2008 – peripheral infusion of oxytocin increased retention of social congition via enhanced emotional understanding of speech intonation and unexpectedly decreased repetitive behaviours

Question 42

Who did an experiment into the effects of single/bi-parental care involes?

Answer 42

Ahern et al, 2010
While mothers may adjust licking and grooming behaiovur in response to brief departure by father, in te long term, mothers showed little evidnece of behavioural compensation in response to lack of father.
Single mother reared adult parents - decreased rates of pup-directed licking and grooming in comparison to bi-parental reared counterparts
Rearing condition did not affect social behaviour more broadly – no derease in adult huddling rate or measures of parental co-ordination

Question 43

What Nagasawa et al, 2012 show>

Answer 43

oxytocin in the neural system = pivotal role in both sides of mother-infant bonding process
Impairment of mother-infant bonding = strongly influences offspring sociality, including maternal behaviour toward their own offspring in adulthood, implying a ‘non-genomic’ transmission of maternal environment even in rodents

Question 44

Wat is the positive loop of attachemnt suggested by Nagasawa et al, 2012?

Answer 44

INfants receive increased levels of parenting care –> their oxytocin system = stimulated and makes them seek more contact with parent.
If parents receive higher parenting behaviour –> will develop an enhaned oxytocin systema nd oxytocin related behaviour in their adult hood

Question 45

Who did an experiment into human-dog intaeractions?

Answer 45

Nagasawa et al, 2009 — human dog interactions stimulate oxytocin release in humans with this being particularly related to the dog’s intiation of gaze communication