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Individual Differences > Anxiety > Flashcards

Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Which of Gray’s systems is thought to be involved in anxiety?

A

BIS - Behavioural Inhibition System

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2
Q

Which of Gray’s systems is thought to be involved in anxiety?

A

BIS - Behavioural Inhibition System

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3
Q

Which two brain areas are thought to be invovled in anxiety?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

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4
Q

Who made up the pretty key questionnaire to this topic and what is it called?

A

Torrubia et al (2001) – sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire

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5
Q

What does the questionnarie capture ?

A

social anxiety, worrying, shyness, neophobia. Approach/avoid conflict. Quite cognitive and behavioural

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6
Q

What does the SPSRQ not capture?

A

Somatic aspects of anxiety (heart racing, numbeness etc - as mentioned in the Beck ANxiety Inventory)

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7
Q

Do BIS scores predict clinical type diagnosis?

A

Maack et al, 2012 – various emotional related questionnaires (e.g. BIS Score) strongly predicted the diagnosis of GAD (Generalised Anxiety Disorders)

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8
Q

What are three experiments in eivdence for role of hippopcampus and amygdala in BIS?

A

Barros-Loscartales et al, 2006
Cherbuin et al, 2008
Rusch et al, 2001

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9
Q

What did Barros-Loscartales et al, 2006 do>

A

BIS activity = associated with increased amygdala and hipocampal gray matter volume. Volume in both the HIP formation and amygdala (diff sides) positively correlated with sensitivity to punishment scale

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10
Q

What did Cherbuin et al, 2008 find?

A

Hippocampus volume = postiivvely associated with BIS

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11
Q

What did Rusch et al, 2001 show?

A

Postiive correlation bewteen hippocampal volume and anxiety . Used state/trait anxeity questionnarie

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12
Q

Why is the relationship between anxiety and brain complicated?

A

Depression = reliably associated with a small hippocampus (depression and anxiety = frequently co-morbid_
Many influences on hippocampal volume need to be tightly controlled - stress despresion, sex, age
Neurogenesis (new cells being born) = occurs in hippocampus, unlike most other brain areas
Different components of anxiety

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13
Q

What effect does oxytocin have on anxixety?

A

Oxytocin reduces anxxiety

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14
Q

What did andari et al, 2012 find out?

A

Inverse correlation between levels of oxytocin in plasma and right hippocampal and right amygdala volume

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15
Q

According to andari et al what does low oxytocin mean in regard to hip and amygdala volume?

A

Low oxytocin = larger hippcoampal and amydala volume

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16
Q

Who did an experiment involving monetary incentive delay task and what did it involve?

A

Hahn et al, 2010 - have to respond to stimulus in a certain time. tone before hand signals what failure will mean - no loss, small loss or large loss.

17
Q

What did Hahn et al 2010 find?

A

Both small and large loss conditions elicited HIP and amygdala activation during hte delay period compared to the no loss condition

18
Q

What did Hahn et al conclude?

A

The more a person is sensitivie to punishment the graeter the linking between the ‘HIP and amygdala activity during the condition when a cue signals loss of money.
Suggests that hippocampus and amygdala co-modulation determines stregnth of behaviour inhibition

19
Q

Who did an experiment into monkeys and AT?

A

Oler et al 2010

20
Q

What did Oler et al, 2010 find?

A

AT in monkeys is positively correltaed with both hippocampal and amydala activity
The heritablity of htis temperament = predicted by hipocampal not amydala activity
HIpppocampal sub-region predicitn AT = anterior hippocampus

21
Q

How do kids with at normally act?

A

Abnoramlly shy in front of strangers, inhbit their locomotion and vocalisation. Worry excessively

22
Q

What did Kalin do >?

A

Threat situation with monkeys to model AT. Human in profile (no eye contact) 2.5 m from cage, then observe. Monkeys typically inhbiti locomotion and inhibit cooing

23
Q

What did the experiment with 238 monkeys involved

A

Kinship of all monkeys was known. Freezeing and cooing= measures of BI. Cortisol level = taken
Clear positive correlation between AT behaviour and dorsal amydala and anterior HIP
heritability = 0.36. AT behaviour = heritable
Heritabliity = mediated in HIP, not amygdala
REgion of overlap in HIP beteween heritablity of glucose metablolsim area and area that most predicted AT. Heritablity - 0.52

24
Q

What is the distinction between HIppocampus re anxiety

A

Anterior and posterior. Anterior = role in anxiety. Posterior = role in spatial cog and episodic memory.
Region of overlap in HIP = anterior HIP (Correstponds to redent ventral hippocampus)

25
Q

Who did an experiment on lesion in hippocampus in rats and effect on anxiety?

A

Pentkowki et al, 2006

26
Q

What did Pentkowski et al, 2006 show?

A

Lesions to dorsal hippocampus (equiv of postierior hip) = no deficits in anxiety tests
Lesions to ventral HIP (equiv of human anterior hip) = clear defiicits in anxiety tests

27
Q

What are two suggested componetns of AT?

A

Mediate by hippocampus - heritable

Mediated by amygdala - non-heritable

28
Q

What is the limitation to this model?

A

Just one anxiety model, monekeys, no before vs after activity

29
Q

What is the other approach to BIS/BAS?

A

EEG = prefrontal asymmetry – emphasis right brain sided bias for BI.

30
Q

What did DAvidson et al’s 2 papers conclude?

A

BIS dominant individuals = right hemishpere dominant. Should predict that left handed peopel will be on average more anixous than right handed pepople simply because Lhanders = right hemisphere dominant (there is some evidnece of this)

31
Q

What did Sutton & Davidson, 1997 show?

A

BIS/BAS Q. Electrodes near PFC. BAS-BIS scores vs brain asymmetry. No task as such

32
Q

What were Sutton & Davidoson’s results?

A

BIS type PPs - right hemisphere domiannt in PFC.

BIS may reflect right dominant PFC

33
Q

Whod id an experiment involving marriage rate of anxious people and what did they find

A

Yoon & Zinberg, 2007 – unanxious people = muh lower marriage rate

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