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Revolutions in the World Flashcards

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1
Q

Important Figures of the American Revolution

A

Thomas Jefferson

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2
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Wrote the Declaration of Independence; 3rd President; Wealthy planter (own estate + slaves)

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3
Q

What was never the goal of the American revolution

A

Overthrow of the economic system

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4
Q

Slavery in the American Revolution

A

Blamed King George III for the practice; Only thing that had to be removed from the declaration of independence

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5
Q

Causes for the American Revolution

A

Taxes - Stamped Act + Boston Tea Party; Getting judged; Revolution; Send troops to the US

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6
Q

Laissez-faire

A

Adam Smith’s idea; With minimal government intervention - Let people do what they want

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7
Q

Goal of the American Revolution

A

Pay less in taxes; To have more to say in government decisions / free of government interference

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8
Q

Important Events during the American Revolution

A

Stamp + Tea Act (Taxes): Boston Tea Party; 7 Years War / French and Indian War; Continental Congress → Declaration of Independence

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9
Q

Senate

A

In the Congress: Responsible for representing the rich and well-born; Interest of the upper class

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10
Q

House of Representative

A

House of the commoners; Not lot of transformation in hierarchy; Slavery doesn’t get abolished

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11
Q

Major groups during the American Revolution

A

White elites; Whites of modest means; Blacks

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12
Q

Social mobility during the American Revolution

A

White elites moved more up;
Whites of modest means still had bare political representation

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13
Q

Enlightened Ideas in the American Revolution

A

John Locke: Justify Peasant Tax -> Right to property

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14
Q

Major Figures during the French Revolution

A

Maximilien Robespierre

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15
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

Jacobin leader; Leads the Reign of Terror; Executed Olympe de Gouge; Death led to end of liberalism and against Enlightenment ideals → Create the Directory

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16
Q

Reign of Terror

A

Robespierre and his party killed the king and queen to exercise power; Guillotine - perfected beheading / Symbol for the Reign of Terror

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17
Q

Directory

A

The governing five-member committee in the French First Republic

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18
Q

Marie Antoinette

A

Queen of France; “Let them eat cake”

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19
Q

Causes for the French Revolution

A

Wanted Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (brotherhood): Got its ideas from the American revolution; Rights of Man + Citizen; Taxes; Voting by class and not by individual

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20
Q

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (brotherhood)

A

Main cause of the French Revolution

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21
Q

Rights of Man + Citizen

A

Liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression

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22
Q

Goal of the French Revolution

A

Limit power of their monarch and copy what the US did

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23
Q

How did the French become a Republic?

A

Fair voting in the beginning which developed into a limited constitutional monarchy - however, unsuccessful because Louis wanted to kill them all -> Republic

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24
Q

Limited Constitutional Monarchy

A

A monarchy which has its power limited by a constitution; Louis XVI enjoyed only a fraction of the power he had as an absolute monarch

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25
Q

Republic

A

Didn’t kill Louis; Removed powers of Louis and gave it to the Estate General

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26
Q

Louis XVI

A

King of the French

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27
Q

Important Events during the French Revolution

A

Storming of the Bastille; Mass unemployment and starvation; Estates - Constitution; Popular sovereignty; Promoted education; Developed the draft

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28
Q

Major Groups during the French Revolution

A

Nobility & Clergy; Bourgeoisie (middle class); Peasants

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29
Q

Nobility & Clergy

A

Gets 1 vote; 1st Estate; Don’t have to pay taxes; Catholic Church = Largest single landowner → The Third estate had to pay taxes because the deaths of American Revolution required an increase in taxes

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30
Q

What happened to the 1st Estate after the Revolution?

A

Lost all of their power; Priests turned into local employees / regular citizens; Secularism: Religion doesn’t have place in political life

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31
Q

Bourgeoisie / Middle Class

A

2nd Estate; Gets 1 vote
Gain the most from the revolution; Rise up and became the dominant group

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32
Q

Peasants

A

3rd Estate; Gets 1 vote
3rd Estate (97%); After Revolution: Free of their lords and rents + can own their own land

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33
Q

Levee en masse

A

French Draft - Citizen army not controlled by the government

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34
Q

Nationalism

A

Develop sense of patriotism and love of your culture; Effect of the Draft

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35
Q

Enlightened Ideas in the French Revolution

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau: Popular sovereignty

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36
Q

Important Figures of the Haitian Revolution

A

Toussaint L’Ouverture; Jean Jacques Dessalines

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37
Q

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A

Son of slaves; Father of Haiti; Leader of the slaves who overcame the white settlers and foreign armies; Learned to read and write from a Roman Catholic priest; Built a strong and disciplined army; Made the French, British, and Spanish forces turn on each other

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38
Q

Jean Jacques Dessalines

A

Leader of the Haitian Revolution; 1st ruler of independent Haiti under the constitution of 1805; Lieutenant of Toussaint

39
Q

Political Causes

A

Enslaved and colored people inspired by success of the American + French revolution - Built up courage to have violence on the political and social revolution in Saint Domingue

40
Q

Identity Causes

A

Racism / unfairness against the mulatto population and slaves; Cause of racism: Large growth in # of mulatto population -> Effect: French colonists got scared and made more restrictions on rights and freedom of colored

41
Q

Military Causes

A

Mulattos’ participation in the American war of independence allowed them to see revolutionary ideals in practice → Intent of reforming Saint-Domingue

42
Q

Economic Causes

A

Sugar plantations - Planters abuse enslaved people → Increase in death rate → Many slaves ran away + formed their own societies

43
Q

Social Causes

A

White settlers in Saint-Domingue created laws and the right to govern themselves but didn’t grant political and legal equality to the mulattos

44
Q

Goal of the Haitian Revolution

A

Independence from the French + Abolish slavery / Freedom + equal citizenship for all people in St.Domingue

45
Q

Enlightened Ideas in the Haitian Revolution

A

JJR: All people are born with rights - Slaves didn’t have them; Popular sovereignty - Should base of on the blacks because they are the majority but that wasn’t the case
John Locke: Natural rights of life, liberty, and property - Slaves didn’t have any of these

46
Q

Napoleon’s role in Haitian Revolution

A

Decision of reintroducing slavery caused the establishment of Haiti

47
Q

Important Events during the Haitian Revolution

A

L’Ouverture led an army and killed most of the whites; Toussaint created an institution granting equality and citizenship to all the residents of Saint - Domingue; Didn’t declare independence from France due to Napoleon; Toussaint attempted to negotiate a peaceful settlement → Didn’t work and died in prison
1803, Napoleon declared his intention to reintroduce slavery → Dessaline rose in rebellion and expelled the French
In 1803, declared independence and 1805 established Haiti

48
Q

Why is the Haitian Revolution significant?

A

Because it’s the only successful slave revolt

49
Q

Major groups during the Haitian Revolution

A

Whites; Mulattoes; Blacks

50
Q

Whites in Haitian society

A

40 thousands; Divided into 3 different classes

51
Q

Mulattoes in Haitian

A

28 thousands; Artisans; Servants

52
Q

Blacks in Haitian

A

Major population; Slaves on sugar plantations; No rights

53
Q

Maroons

A

Slaves who escaped to the mountains and built their own settlements

54
Q

Change in political system after Haitian Revolution

A

Before: French + plantation owners had authority which designed to maintain control over the large populated slaves
After: Abolishment of slavery; Establishment of Republic

55
Q

Change in social system after Haitian Revolution

A

Before: Social hierarchy based off wealth and slavery / race
After: No more hierarchical structure - equality among everyone

56
Q

Change in economy after Haitian Revolution

A

Before: Large sugar plantations
After: Abolishment of plantations - forced labor on sugar plantations due to failing economy

57
Q

Important Figures of the South American Revolution

A

Simon Bolivar

58
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

Creole; Inspired by George Washington + American Revolution; Believed in Popular Sovereignty + Political freedom; Letter from Jamaica; Created Republic; Wanted to rebel + make all Spanish colonies remain together and become a single massive Republic; Defeated Ferdinand VI’s spanish army; Coordinated with creole elites to campaign and overcome armies

59
Q

Enlightened Ideas in South American Revolution

A

JJR: Popular Sovereignty + Political freedom

60
Q

Letter from Jamaica

A

Bolivar expressed his idea to form Republic throughout America - failed due to political problems

61
Q

Goal of the South American Revolutions

A

(Creoles) Leaving the Spanish government in Europe and form their own government sho that they can be at the top of the social hierarchy

62
Q

Junta

A

Hostile seizure of the government by a military leader, usually generals

63
Q

Important events in South American Revolutions

A

Buenos Air - Creole; Junta; Travel to Chile and Peru through Mountain Ranges

64
Q

Major groups during South American Revolutions

A

Creoles (largest population); Mestizos; Indians; Blacks

65
Q

Social hierarchy of South American Revolutions

A

Didn’t change with creoles at the top (have most wealth and power) and everyone else in poor conditions

66
Q

Result in Brazil (South American Revolution)

A

Achieved independence as a monarchy but the poor were still compressed; Supported enlightenment ideas but ended up going against them

67
Q

South America after the Revolution

A

Creoles having the most power; Peninsulares kicked out

68
Q

What is the same goal / idea for all revolutions?

A

Equality for all but they all result in some oppression in certain people

69
Q

Important Figures in the Mexican Revolution

A

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

70
Q

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

A

Priest; Father of Mexican independence; Founder of the Queretaro Group; Doesn’t identify with the creoles; Leads the mestizos against the whites

71
Q

Queretaro Group

A

Club-meeting that talked about how the oppression Spain has on Mexico - Spain controls and uses Mexico to support itself

72
Q

What did Miguel want?

A

Radical transformation as he’s fighting for the poor but he failed due to ongoing conflicts

73
Q

Causes for the Mexican Revolution

A

Gold ran out led to the creation of plantation economies; Creoles increased taxes and decided who Mexicans can trade with;
Nationalism

74
Q

Nationalism

A

Demand more roles / participation in government

75
Q

How was the Mexican Revolution different from the other revolutions?

A

It failed because the government killed all the leaders in the revolution

76
Q

How is Miguel different from other leaders?

A

Other leaders want to run things themselves; Miguel successfully led the revolution but wanted to create a monarchy on his own → he got kicked out

77
Q

Cry of Dolores

A

Speech / cry for racial equality + redistribution of land; Caused mestizos and indigenous people to respond but they were unprepared against the creoles

78
Q

Result of Racial Identity in Mexicans

A

Most identify as mestizo

79
Q

Who were the main figure of the Napoleonic era?

A

Napoleon Bonaparte

80
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

Born French but Italian; Became a general at a young age; Overthrew the Directory → Created a new government and made himself a dictator by making peace with the Catholic Church

81
Q

Concordat

A

Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope where Napoleon can have the land in exchange for making Catholicism the main religion

82
Q

Civil Code

A

All men are equal; Equality before law

83
Q

Consulate

A

French government where Napoleon was voted emperor for life because he offers social mobility based on enlightenment ideals on individual rights;
Doesn’t give anyone individual power

84
Q

Enlightened Despots

A

Absolute ruler who still believes in Enlightenment values and shares some with you

85
Q

Continental system

A

Napoleon’s strategy to weaken Britain’s economy by banning trade between Britain and states occupied by or allied with France; System where Napoleon decided to boycott English goods

86
Q

Social hierarchy of Napoleon

A

Created his own dynasty and made his family members nobles

87
Q

Causes for Napoleon’s warfare

A

Military Campaigns

88
Q

Goal of Napoleon

A

Rule most of Europe - Didn’t achieve it but came close to it

89
Q

War of Liberation

A

All of France’s allies went against him and kicked him out

90
Q

Universal Manhood Suffrage

A

All males get to vote

91
Q

Napoleonic Code

A

Embrace the most popular equality, laws, property ownerships; Spread to culture to conquered people; Best at promoting human rights among the whole population; Same rights for most people

92
Q

Government of Napoleon

A

Believes in meritocracy

93
Q

Meritocracy

A

Most talented person get the job

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