Revolutions in the World Flashcards
Important Figures of the American Revolution
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence; 3rd President; Wealthy planter (own estate + slaves)
What was never the goal of the American revolution
Overthrow of the economic system
Slavery in the American Revolution
Blamed King George III for the practice; Only thing that had to be removed from the declaration of independence
Causes for the American Revolution
Taxes - Stamped Act + Boston Tea Party; Getting judged; Revolution; Send troops to the US
Laissez-faire
Adam Smith’s idea; With minimal government intervention - Let people do what they want
Goal of the American Revolution
Pay less in taxes; To have more to say in government decisions / free of government interference
Important Events during the American Revolution
Stamp + Tea Act (Taxes): Boston Tea Party; 7 Years War / French and Indian War; Continental Congress → Declaration of Independence
Senate
In the Congress: Responsible for representing the rich and well-born; Interest of the upper class
House of Representative
House of the commoners; Not lot of transformation in hierarchy; Slavery doesn’t get abolished
Major groups during the American Revolution
White elites; Whites of modest means; Blacks
Social mobility during the American Revolution
White elites moved more up;
Whites of modest means still had bare political representation
Enlightened Ideas in the American Revolution
John Locke: Justify Peasant Tax -> Right to property
Major Figures during the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre
Jacobin leader; Leads the Reign of Terror; Executed Olympe de Gouge; Death led to end of liberalism and against Enlightenment ideals → Create the Directory
Reign of Terror
Robespierre and his party killed the king and queen to exercise power; Guillotine - perfected beheading / Symbol for the Reign of Terror
Directory
The governing five-member committee in the French First Republic
Marie Antoinette
Queen of France; “Let them eat cake”
Causes for the French Revolution
Wanted Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (brotherhood): Got its ideas from the American revolution; Rights of Man + Citizen; Taxes; Voting by class and not by individual
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (brotherhood)
Main cause of the French Revolution
Rights of Man + Citizen
Liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
Goal of the French Revolution
Limit power of their monarch and copy what the US did
How did the French become a Republic?
Fair voting in the beginning which developed into a limited constitutional monarchy - however, unsuccessful because Louis wanted to kill them all -> Republic
Limited Constitutional Monarchy
A monarchy which has its power limited by a constitution; Louis XVI enjoyed only a fraction of the power he had as an absolute monarch
Republic
Didn’t kill Louis; Removed powers of Louis and gave it to the Estate General
Louis XVI
King of the French
Important Events during the French Revolution
Storming of the Bastille; Mass unemployment and starvation; Estates - Constitution; Popular sovereignty; Promoted education; Developed the draft
Major Groups during the French Revolution
Nobility & Clergy; Bourgeoisie (middle class); Peasants
Nobility & Clergy
Gets 1 vote; 1st Estate; Don’t have to pay taxes; Catholic Church = Largest single landowner → The Third estate had to pay taxes because the deaths of American Revolution required an increase in taxes
What happened to the 1st Estate after the Revolution?
Lost all of their power; Priests turned into local employees / regular citizens; Secularism: Religion doesn’t have place in political life
Bourgeoisie / Middle Class
2nd Estate; Gets 1 vote
Gain the most from the revolution; Rise up and became the dominant group
Peasants
3rd Estate; Gets 1 vote
3rd Estate (97%); After Revolution: Free of their lords and rents + can own their own land
Levee en masse
French Draft - Citizen army not controlled by the government
Nationalism
Develop sense of patriotism and love of your culture; Effect of the Draft
Enlightened Ideas in the French Revolution
Jean Jacques Rousseau: Popular sovereignty
Important Figures of the Haitian Revolution
Toussaint L’Ouverture; Jean Jacques Dessalines
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Son of slaves; Father of Haiti; Leader of the slaves who overcame the white settlers and foreign armies; Learned to read and write from a Roman Catholic priest; Built a strong and disciplined army; Made the French, British, and Spanish forces turn on each other
Jean Jacques Dessalines
Leader of the Haitian Revolution; 1st ruler of independent Haiti under the constitution of 1805; Lieutenant of Toussaint
Political Causes
Enslaved and colored people inspired by success of the American + French revolution - Built up courage to have violence on the political and social revolution in Saint Domingue
Identity Causes
Racism / unfairness against the mulatto population and slaves; Cause of racism: Large growth in # of mulatto population -> Effect: French colonists got scared and made more restrictions on rights and freedom of colored
Military Causes
Mulattos’ participation in the American war of independence allowed them to see revolutionary ideals in practice → Intent of reforming Saint-Domingue
Economic Causes
Sugar plantations - Planters abuse enslaved people → Increase in death rate → Many slaves ran away + formed their own societies
Social Causes
White settlers in Saint-Domingue created laws and the right to govern themselves but didn’t grant political and legal equality to the mulattos
Goal of the Haitian Revolution
Independence from the French + Abolish slavery / Freedom + equal citizenship for all people in St.Domingue
Enlightened Ideas in the Haitian Revolution
JJR: All people are born with rights - Slaves didn’t have them; Popular sovereignty - Should base of on the blacks because they are the majority but that wasn’t the case
John Locke: Natural rights of life, liberty, and property - Slaves didn’t have any of these
Napoleon’s role in Haitian Revolution
Decision of reintroducing slavery caused the establishment of Haiti
Important Events during the Haitian Revolution
L’Ouverture led an army and killed most of the whites; Toussaint created an institution granting equality and citizenship to all the residents of Saint - Domingue; Didn’t declare independence from France due to Napoleon; Toussaint attempted to negotiate a peaceful settlement → Didn’t work and died in prison
1803, Napoleon declared his intention to reintroduce slavery → Dessaline rose in rebellion and expelled the French
In 1803, declared independence and 1805 established Haiti
Why is the Haitian Revolution significant?
Because it’s the only successful slave revolt
Major groups during the Haitian Revolution
Whites; Mulattoes; Blacks
Whites in Haitian society
40 thousands; Divided into 3 different classes
Mulattoes in Haitian
28 thousands; Artisans; Servants
Blacks in Haitian
Major population; Slaves on sugar plantations; No rights
Maroons
Slaves who escaped to the mountains and built their own settlements
Change in political system after Haitian Revolution
Before: French + plantation owners had authority which designed to maintain control over the large populated slaves
After: Abolishment of slavery; Establishment of Republic
Change in social system after Haitian Revolution
Before: Social hierarchy based off wealth and slavery / race
After: No more hierarchical structure - equality among everyone
Change in economy after Haitian Revolution
Before: Large sugar plantations
After: Abolishment of plantations - forced labor on sugar plantations due to failing economy
Important Figures of the South American Revolution
Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar
Creole; Inspired by George Washington + American Revolution; Believed in Popular Sovereignty + Political freedom; Letter from Jamaica; Created Republic; Wanted to rebel + make all Spanish colonies remain together and become a single massive Republic; Defeated Ferdinand VI’s spanish army; Coordinated with creole elites to campaign and overcome armies
Enlightened Ideas in South American Revolution
JJR: Popular Sovereignty + Political freedom
Letter from Jamaica
Bolivar expressed his idea to form Republic throughout America - failed due to political problems
Goal of the South American Revolutions
(Creoles) Leaving the Spanish government in Europe and form their own government sho that they can be at the top of the social hierarchy
Junta
Hostile seizure of the government by a military leader, usually generals
Important events in South American Revolutions
Buenos Air - Creole; Junta; Travel to Chile and Peru through Mountain Ranges
Major groups during South American Revolutions
Creoles (largest population); Mestizos; Indians; Blacks
Social hierarchy of South American Revolutions
Didn’t change with creoles at the top (have most wealth and power) and everyone else in poor conditions
Result in Brazil (South American Revolution)
Achieved independence as a monarchy but the poor were still compressed; Supported enlightenment ideas but ended up going against them
South America after the Revolution
Creoles having the most power; Peninsulares kicked out
What is the same goal / idea for all revolutions?
Equality for all but they all result in some oppression in certain people
Important Figures in the Mexican Revolution
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Priest; Father of Mexican independence; Founder of the Queretaro Group; Doesn’t identify with the creoles; Leads the mestizos against the whites
Queretaro Group
Club-meeting that talked about how the oppression Spain has on Mexico - Spain controls and uses Mexico to support itself
What did Miguel want?
Radical transformation as he’s fighting for the poor but he failed due to ongoing conflicts
Causes for the Mexican Revolution
Gold ran out led to the creation of plantation economies; Creoles increased taxes and decided who Mexicans can trade with;
Nationalism
Nationalism
Demand more roles / participation in government
How was the Mexican Revolution different from the other revolutions?
It failed because the government killed all the leaders in the revolution
How is Miguel different from other leaders?
Other leaders want to run things themselves; Miguel successfully led the revolution but wanted to create a monarchy on his own → he got kicked out
Cry of Dolores
Speech / cry for racial equality + redistribution of land; Caused mestizos and indigenous people to respond but they were unprepared against the creoles
Result of Racial Identity in Mexicans
Most identify as mestizo
Who were the main figure of the Napoleonic era?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte
Born French but Italian; Became a general at a young age; Overthrew the Directory → Created a new government and made himself a dictator by making peace with the Catholic Church
Concordat
Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope where Napoleon can have the land in exchange for making Catholicism the main religion
Civil Code
All men are equal; Equality before law
Consulate
French government where Napoleon was voted emperor for life because he offers social mobility based on enlightenment ideals on individual rights;
Doesn’t give anyone individual power
Enlightened Despots
Absolute ruler who still believes in Enlightenment values and shares some with you
Continental system
Napoleon’s strategy to weaken Britain’s economy by banning trade between Britain and states occupied by or allied with France; System where Napoleon decided to boycott English goods
Social hierarchy of Napoleon
Created his own dynasty and made his family members nobles
Causes for Napoleon’s warfare
Military Campaigns
Goal of Napoleon
Rule most of Europe - Didn’t achieve it but came close to it
War of Liberation
All of France’s allies went against him and kicked him out
Universal Manhood Suffrage
All males get to vote
Napoleonic Code
Embrace the most popular equality, laws, property ownerships; Spread to culture to conquered people; Best at promoting human rights among the whole population; Same rights for most people
Government of Napoleon
Believes in meritocracy
Meritocracy
Most talented person get the job
