Enlightenment

Question 1

Olympe de Gouges / Marie Gouze

Answer 1

Advocate of women’s rights in French society; Published the Declaration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizens

Question 2

Popular sovereignty

Answer 2

Legitimate political authority resides not in kings but in the people who make up a society

Question 3

Center of Enlightenment

Answer 3

France

Question 4

Philosophes

Answer 4

Prominent intellectuals who advanced the cause of reason; Address their work to educate the public (novels, dramas, moral)

Question 5

John Locke

Answer 5

English philosopher; Natural laws of politics; Provided theoretical justification for the Glorious Revolution of 1688 + Establishment of constitutional monarchy in England

Question 6

What did John Locke publish?

Answer 6

Second treatise of Civil Government

Question 7

Second treatise of Civil Government

Answer 7

Any ruler who violence the political rights granted by their citizens should be overthrown; Rulers derive authority from the consent of those whom they governed

Question 8

Adam Smith

Answer 8

Scottish philosopher; Economic affairs - Laws of supply and demand; Wrote Wealth of Nations

Question 9

Wealth of Nations

Answer 9

Individuals should make decisions about what to buy and sell based on their natural self-interest -> More efficient use of human labor; Capitalism

Question 10

Mercantilism

Answer 10

The dominant economic system; Created too many obstacles to trade

Question 11

Capitalism

Answer 11

Individuals were allowed to pursue their own interests with less government intervention

Question 12

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 12

French nobleman; Science of politics encourage political liberty in a prosperous and stable state

Question 13

Voltaire

Answer 13

Supported individual freedom; Targeted the
French monarchy + Roman Catholic church in his writings; Advocate for freedom of thought in all forms: speech, religion, assembly, etc; Thought rational principles would be needed to achieve progress

Question 14

What is Voltaire’s battle cry?

Answer 14

“Crush the damned thing” - meaning the church that he considered an agent of oppression

Question 15

Deism

Answer 15

Belief in the existence of god but denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity

Question 16

Deists

Answer 16

People who believed in the existence of god but denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity

Question 17

What did Deists believe?

Answer 17

The universe is an orderly realm; Powerful god set the universe in motion + established natural laws that governed it but did not take personal interest / intervene in its development because the world operated according to rational and natural laws

Question 18

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Answer 18

French - Swiss thinker; Most prominent advocate for political equality; Purpose of government is to serve the needs of the people; Authority originates with people, NOT from rulers, traditions, or God. Popular Sovereignty

Question 19

Popular sovereignty

Answer 19

Power originates with the ruled

Question 20

What did JJR write?

Answer 20

The Social Contract

Question 21

The Social Contract

Answer 21

Everyone in a society are the sovereign + should participate directly in the formation of policy and laws; All people are born with certain natural rights and that people joined societies in order to advance their own interests, not sacrifice them

Question 22

Thomas Hobbes(English)

Answer 22

Wrote Leviathan for absolute monarchy; Believed people were irrational and ultimately self-destructive; Doesn’t believe in divine rights of king but need an absolute monarch because people are selfish and scums

Question 23

John Locke(English)

Answer 23

Locke wrote the contract theory of government; Believed power derives from the governed and that government could never take away our natural rights of life, liberty, and property

Question 24

Montesquieu, The Baron Charles-Louis Secondat(French)

Answer 24

Wrote Spirit of the Laws - Suggested separation of powers in gov’t (i.e., division into 3 branches) to prevent any one part or person becoming oppressive

Question 25

When was the Enlightenment were in full force in Europe

Answer 25

1754 - 1763