Revolutions Flashcards
Describe the main focus of Renaissance Art
In Renaissance artwork, the main focus is on the humanity and perfect proportions of the human body. Humans are portrayed as muscular and attractive because they were created in God’s image and God is beautiful. Leonardo Da Vinci explained the perfect proportions in the human body in his famous Vitruvian Man. The painting shows that God created perfect beings when he made Adam and Eve. During this new phase of artwork, we see a shift from the 2D, austere, portrait style, to more 3D, ornate paintings of scenes such as Da Vinci’s famous last supper painting. These new movements were called ‘Realism, Idealism and Perspective. Those are essentially the basic ideals and focuses of the Renaissance artworks
Describe what Martin Luther wanted to achieve.
Martin Luther was a devoted and persistent man when it came to his views. His views would often oppose those of the church. Specifically, the sola gratia, sola fide, and sola scriptura views which he established in his 95 theses. He believed that the judgement of man should be based on faith alone rather than faith and good works which is apparent in Catholicism. This was because of the way people would count up their good works and forget about faith. Also because the church was using the good works aspect as a way to promote indulgences. Luther hated Simony and indulgences and he aimed to stomp out corruption in the church. He also believed that Baptism and Eucharist were the only legitimate sacraments as well as believing that priests should be able to marry. Thus birthing the Lutheran church which put these aspects into action. Those were essentially the views and goals of Martin Luther
List and explain at least three ways that Protestant and Catholic art and worship were different.
Catholicism and Protestantism both stem from the same religion. Despite this, they both have diverse ways of worship and views on art. For a start, Catholics have very physical and optical traditions including statues, windows, paintings, and songs. Protestants have the belief that that is Idolatry and therefore against the will of the ten commandments. Protestants have a very austere way of worship with the only form of ornamentation being a plain cross and the singing of hymns. As well as this the priests and ministers would not wear vestments. The protestant liturgies have an emphasis on teaching and preaching rather than praise. Those are the differences in the ways of worship and art between Catholics and Protestants
Explain why the Council of Trent was called and list and explain at least three ways that demonstrate that the Council was trying to reform the church from within.
Three ways that the Council of Trent was trying to reform the Church from within were the reforms to Bishops and priests, the reaffirmations and the repudiations. Bishops and priests could only hold one position, simony was forbidden and celibacy was to be followed. THe Nicene Creed was reaffirmed, the 7 Sacraments and Purgatory. Sola Fide was replaced by Faith and Good works, Scripture and Tradition instead of Sola Scriptura, predestination was repudiated. The changes to priesthood and introduction of seminaries was to get rid of corruption, and make sure priests were well taught. Basic truths were made sure to be drilled into the priests, and due to problems with indulgences, Purgatory was reaffirmed. St. Paul had stated that of faith, hope and love that love was the greatest, countereating sola fide. And that although we are ultimately saved by God’s graces, we must cooperate with it, in order to be saved.
Describe at least three benefits of the reforms of the Second Vatican Council.
The Second Vatican Council was a revolutionary, 3 years long, council initiated by Pope John XXIII. Pope John claimed that the council called for reform but not in a way that changes the faith. It was called to ‘open the windows and air it out.’ They wanted to disregard all documents the bishops made and start fresh. Together, they created a combination of modern ideas and catholic teachings using the ‘medicine of mercy rather than the weapon of severity.’ those are the 3 reasons why Vatican II was so important.
Explain why Peter is considered the first pope.
St Peter, leader of the apostles, is widely regarded as the first pope. This is because of his close relationship with Jesus. When Jesus changed his name to Peter, which is the Greek word for rock, he was asking for him to be the foundation upon which he would build his church and he continued to lead the church after the assumption till his death. Jesus’ choice all those years ago is the reason that we as Christians consider Peter the first pope.
Describe at least one lasting effect of Charlemagne’s reign.
Education and Churches. As most knowledge was in Monasteries, Charlemagne built Monasteries and commanded that Monasteries + Bishop houses were for people to learn and study in 787 AD. Old books like the gospels Carolingian handwriting developed. EDUCATION always SUPPORTED BY THE GOVERNMENT
Explain how the enlightenment challenged the Church in the late 18th century
The Enlightenment caused a drastic change in the Church and the way it operated in the late 18th century. The Enlightenment was a series of discoveries made by scientists that would disprove many of the teachings of the church. This led to many Christians turning against its leadership and caused two very important events. The American and French Revolutions. America had a more diplomatic approach whereby they would separate religion from the government but the French peasantry and nobility were fed up. They sought out blood and attacked the church. These events caused a great shift away from the church and its overwhelming power.
Explain why Edmund Rice is remembered as a man of compassion.
Edmund Rice will go down as one of the most compassionate men to live. His philanthropic journey started when his wife got into an accident that left her dead and her unborn baby, disabled. Rice went into a state of depression for 2 years until he had a radical vision and started to take his wealth and ‘give to the poor in handfuls and fund schools for Christians who couldn’t get an education. His work spread around the world by the work of the Christian brothers. This is how Edmund Rice is used his position of power for compassion and philanthropy
Describe the Catholic worker movement
The Catholic worker movement was a number of things. Started by Dorothy Day in 1933, the movement started out as a truly neutral, pacifist standpoint that closely followed Catholic ideals. Next, the movement started to set up ‘houses of hospitality’ where the sick and poor could be cared for. These houses were set up in a time where war and strife were prevalent. This essentially was the Catholic worker movement.
Describe the work of the Missionaries of Charity
the Missionaries of Charity are a very noble group that devotes themselves to helping the sick and poor. Founded by Mother Teresa in 1950, the organization has been helping people for 71 years. It’s mission statement, said that they aimed to “Give god’s love to those who did not have any.” Over time, many hospices and orphanages, including Kalighat and Shanti Nager that help the less fortunate, have been working away. Those who sought help in the hospices were granted peace of mind that they would go to the kingdom of god after death. The prestigiousness of the Organization saw Mother Teresa being awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1979. That is essentially the outline of the prestigious work that the Missionaries of Charity have been doing.
