Revolution and Civil War Flashcards
1
Q
José María Morelos
A
a priest and leader in Mexico’s fight for independence
2
Q
Constitutional Convention of 1787
A
Set up a new plan for the American government and fixed the problems caused by the Articles of Confederation, which had a weak central government. Held in 1787 in Philadelphia
3
Q
Thomas Paine
A
An English-born American political activist and newspaper editor. Wrote “Common Sense,” a pamphlet urging the colonists to be totally independent from Britain.
4
Q
Battle of Saratoga
A
Fought in New York, the American victory is often called the turning point of the Revolutionary War. 1777
5
Q
John Locke
A
He was a political thinker who supported the idea of a “social contract” and a “limited monarchy.” Encouraged people to stand up if their monarch didn’t protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
6
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
During the 1800s, people thought that the United States would grow from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
7
Q
Plessy v. Ferguson
A
In this case from 1896, the Supreme Court said that public facilities could be different by race as long as they were “separate but equal.”
8
Q
Eli Whitney
A
Invented the cotton gin in 1794
9
Q
Texas Declaration of Independence
A
Republic of Texas was formed with this Declaration on March 2, 1836
10
Q
Gilded Age
A
Mark Twain came up with this term to describe America in the 1800s. It means that the country looked good on the outside but was full of strife and trouble.
11
Q
Sugar Act of 1764
A
A tax enacted on all British colonies by Parliament on sugar, textiles, coffee, wine, and indigo.
12
Q
Steamboat
A
Made it easier to sail upriver, which made it easier and less work-intensive to ship things.
13
Q
5th Amendment
A
Amendment to the US Constitution that protects people from being accused of wrongdoing without proof, from self-incrimination, and from being charged twice for the same act.
Ex: You can “plead the fifth” to avoid testifying in a case against yourself.
14
Q
Stamp Act of 1765
A
This tax was only put on things written in the American colonies.
15
Q
Civil War
A
1861-1865. Fought between the northern and southern states of the US. Causes of the war centered on the issue of slavery and the rights of the states vs. the federal government.
16
Q
Confederate States of America
A
When South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas broke away from the Union, they formed a group. After the Civil War, it was over.
17
Q
Nullification Doctrine
A
The idea that states should be able to get rid of or ignore any federal law that they thought was against the Constitution.
18
Q
Texas Revolution
A
Between 1835 and 1836, a fight between American colonists in Texas and the Mexican government.
19
Q
Know-Nothing Party
A
A political group that wanted to make it hard for people who were born outside of the country to become citizens or run for office.
20
Q
Reconstruction
A
The post-Civil War reunification of Confederate and Union states. A statute was passed to treat former slaves equally, but it had little long-term impact.
21
Q
Miguel Hidalgo
A
One of the first leaders in the Mexican fight for independence from Spain. His attempt was unsuccessful and he was executed.
22
Q
Mexican-American War / Mexican War
A
1846 - 1848. A war between the United States and Mexico over western territories (specifically sparked by annexation of Texas).
23
Q
The Battle of Gonzales
A
first battle in the war over Texas independence when Mexico attempted to disarm the city of Gonzales by removing their cannon
24
Q
Pendleton Civil Service Act
A
In 1883, the government set up the Civil Service Commission to control and limit the use of favoritism.
25
Empresarios
Settlers who signed a contract with the Spanish crown were allowed to settle wherever as long as they recruited and ruled colonists.
26
John Deere
Designed a steel plow in 1837
27
Federalists
The first political party in the US. They wanted a strong central government.
28
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
The major changes to society, the economy, and politics that Republicans in Congress passed
29
Secession
An official exit from the Union
30
Jim Crow Laws
After Reconstruction, laws were written that made the South stay separate. limited the civil rights of black people, like the right to vote and the right to a fair education.
31
Second Continental Congress
Issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776
32
Homestead Act of 1862
American settlers were given 160 acres of land in exchange for farming it. Settlers moved into the Great Plains, but this caused problems with Native Americans.
33
Three-Fifths Compromise
The Constitution's framers counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for congressional representation and taxation. Part of a northern-southern slavery truce.
34
9th Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution that protects the rights of people whose rights are not named in the Constitution.
35
Indian Territory
Established in 1830, land in modern-day Oklahoma where Congress planned to move Native Americans
36
Henry Clay
A lawyer and politician from the U.S. Both the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 were his ideas. The Great Pacificator is also called the Great Compromiser.
37
Enlightenment
Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu headed a 17th-century intellectual movement that believed reason, science, and progress could improve society.
38
Nikola Tesla
Invented the alternating current (AC) electric supply.
39
Cotton Gin
A machine that took the cotton seeds out of the cotton, so that more cotton could be grown and more slaves were needed to gather it.
40
Thornton Affair
1846 Mexican military attack against US forces in Texas that began the Mexican-American War
41
Boston Massacre of 1770
The fact that British troops fired into a crowd of protesters shows how angry the colonists were with the British.
42
13th Amendment
Made slavery illegal in the United States.
43
Sons of Liberty
In 1765, a group of people who didn't like the Stamp Act got together to fight it. In the ten years before the Revolution, the group fought against all kinds of British taxes. For example, in 1773, they planned the Boston Tea Party to protest the Tea Act.
44
Quartering Act of 1765
Required colonists to provide room and board to British soldiers.
45
Nativists
Americans who opposed immigration
46
Treaty of Córdoba
the treaty recognizing Mexico's independence from Spain
47
Lewis and Clark
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the first Europeans to explore the Louisiana Territory.
48
Thomas Jefferson
Author of the Declaration of Independence; one of America's founding fathers; third president of the United States.
49
Sectionalism
Putting the needs of one area or part of the country ahead of the needs of the whole country.
50
Dawes Severalty Act
Reservation land was split up into plots that were given to each male head of family.
51
6th Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution that protects the right to a fair, quick, and public trial, the right to a lawyer, the right to face your accusers, and the right to an unbiased jury.
Ex: You can't be stuck in jail for years while awaiting a trial.
52
Mass Production
The process of making a lot of the same thing with machines and/or a moving assembly line.
53
Intolerable Acts / Coercive Acts of 1774
A set of rules meant to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. Because of these rules, goods could not be brought into or taken out of Boston Harbor.
54
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Established by Congress to manage the removal of Native Americans to the West
55
Robert E. Lee
commander of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War
56
Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved. Signed by 13 nations. The document described the colonists' dislike of Great Britain and said that the US was no longer under British dominion.
57
US Constitution
Document that lays the groundwork for the US government and gives the rest of the world a plan for how democracy should work.
58
Emancipation Proclamation
The declaration by President Lincoln that freed slaves in rebelling states.
59
Electricity
Became widely available in the Second Industrial Revolution and increased the number of hours people could work in a day.
60
States' Rights Doctrine
Belief that because the states made the national government, state power should be higher than federal power.
61
Impressment
Taking soldiers or sailors by force; forcing them to join the army or navy. The British "pressed" American sailors into service on many of their ships.
62
Florida Purchase Treaty / Adams-Onis Treaty
The treaty signed in 1819 between Spain and the U.S that gave the US the Florida territory
63
Anti-Federalists
Did not want to give the national government more power.
64
Plan of Iguala
the document proclaiming Mexico's independence from Spain
65
Trail of Tears
Native Americans from the south and east of the Mississippi were relocated to Oklahoma. Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee people were relocated.
66
Dred Scott Case
In this case, the Supreme Court said that Scott, a former slave, was not a citizen and did not have the right to sue in court.
67
Seminole Indian Wars
The US and the Seminole Native Americans fought a number of wars in Florida. Because of this, the Seminole people were forced to leave their homes and move to the Everglades or west of the Mississippi.
68
Star-Spangled Banner
National Anthem. Written by Francis Scott Key during an attempted attack by the British at Baltimore during the War of 1812.
69
Treaty of Paris (1783)
The United States and Great Britain agreed to end the Revolutionary War and accept American independence. Written in 1783
70
Thomas Edison
Perfected the design of the light bulb.
71
Townshend Act of 1767
Added new taxes to things like paper, glass, lead, tea, and paint that were brought in.
72
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United states. He was president during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
73
Davy Crockett
Joined the Texas Revolution to fight against Mexico and was killed at the Battle of the Alamo
74
Steel
Replaced iron in construction and allowed for advances in construction
75
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Even though it wasn't followed, it made Illinois a free territory and made slavery illegal.
76
Robert Fulton
Invented the steamboat in 1807
77
Nativism
The policy of favoring native inhabitants of a country over immigrants
78
Sherman's March To The Sea
In 1864, Union troops led by General Ulysses S. Grant and General Sherman won the fight. From Atlanta to Savannah, they marched and burned everything the Union couldn't use right away.The goal was to stop the South from wanting to fight. On April 9, 1865, they gave up.
79
1st Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution that defends freedoms of speech, religion, press, petition, and assembly from being taken away.
80
14th Amendment
Declared that everyone born or naturalized in the US would be a US citizen and a member of the state where they live. Gave all people due process.
81
8th Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution which protects against cruel and unusual punishment
82
Freedman's Bureau
In 1865, the War Department set up an agency to help former slaves with food, housing, schooling, health care, and finding work.
83
Internal Combustion Engine
Started to compete with the steam engine, which led to the creation of the gasoline engine.( petroleum)
84
4th Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution that keeps illegal searches and arrests from happening
A police officer would need a warrant or your explicit permission to search your home.
85
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River could be moved to lands in the West.
86
Articles of Confederation
The first written constitution in the colonies, ratified in 1781.
87
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution which protected legal rights and civil rights of individuals. Created in 1791.
88
Forty Acres and A Mule
a program in which farmable land and a mule were given to black former slaves
89
First Continental Congress
Colonists started to work together when they sent officials to protest the Intolerable Acts and the loss of their right to self-government.
90
Tariff of Abominations
a tariff passed by the US Congress in 1828 to protect Northern industry
91
Juneteenth
The Union troops freed the slaves of Texas on June 19, 1865.
92
Battle of Gettysburg
The South's army, led by General Robert E. Lee, was defeated by the Union in 1863. This was a turning point in the war.
93
Captains of Industry
Men who made money in the businesses that were most important during the war and the Second Industrial Revolution. (steel, oil, and train)
94
2nd Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution that guards the right to bear arms from being taken away by the government.
95
10th Amendment
The 10th Amendment concludes the Bill of Rights. It limits the federal government's power and protects states' and people's rights by granting them powers the feds didn't have.
96
Missouri Compromise
The paper that made it possible for Missouri to join the Union with slaves and for Maine to join as a free state. Henry Clay made it so that there would be an equal number of slave states and free states.
97
Cyrus Mccormick
Invented the mechanical reaper in 1831
98
Battle of San Jacinto
April 1836, Sam Houston was in charge. The last fight of the Texas Revolution, in which Santa Anna was defeated and a treaty was signed giving Texas independence from Mexico. (But Mexico turned its back on Santa Anna, and the deal was questioned.)
99
Tea Act of 1773
Parliament gave the British East India Company permission to be the only company that could sell tea.
100
Alexander Hamilton
The Bank of the United States was set up under the direction of the first Secretary of the US Treasury.
101
Era of Good Feelings
After the War of 1812, there was a time when people wanted to work together and were hopeful about the future.
102
The American Revolution of 1776 / The War for Independence
The fight between the American colonies and Great Britain to get their freedom.
103
Shays' Rebellion
After the American Revolution, farmers in Massachusetts rose up, which showed how weak the new country was.
104
Missouri Compromise Line
A line at 36 degrees 30'. The Missouri Compromise said that states that joined the union south of this line would be slave states and states that joined the union above the parallel would be free states.
105
Louisiana Purchase / Louisiana Territory
For $15,000,000, President Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon made a deal to buy all the land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
106
Industrial Revolution
A time when the use of machines for manufacturing and output grew quickly. It began in Great Britain in the middle of the 1700s.
107
7th Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution that protects the right to a jury hearing in civil cases
108
Samuel Slater
He is known as the "father of the American Industrial Revolution" and the "father of the American factory system." brought plans for textile mill tools to the United States
109
3rd Amendment
Amendment to the US Constitution which protects against the quartering of troops in homes
110
Antonio López de Santa Anna
The leader of the Mexican troops who fought against Texas when Texas was fighting for its freedom.
111
Henry Ford
An engineer who started the Ford Motor Company in Detroit and made the first car manufacturing line that moved.
112
Fugitive Slave Clause
A part of the US Constitution that said slaves who fled had to be sent back to their owners
113
Federalist Papers
The Federalists wrote these papers to make their case for ratifying the United States Constitution. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were the people who wrote them.
114
Carpetbaggers
After the Civil War, white people from the North went to the South to help rebuild. People in the south thought they were out to make money.
115
Benjamin Franklin
Known as one of the founding fathers of America; helped to write the Declaration of Independence; served as a delegate to the Constitutional Conventions.
116
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
During Reconstruction, a terrorist white racist hate group was formed to stop black people from getting political power. The group went on to attack immigrants and Catholics.
117
War of 1812
The main reason the US and the British Empire went to war was because the British tried to limit US trade. Some people refer to it as the "second war of independence."
118
Worcester v Georgia
In 1832, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee country was a separate group.
119
Compromise of 1850
A group of laws that made it easier for the North and South to get along about slavery in new states. Henry Clay made them.
120
Radical Reconstruction
Refers to the changes in society, the economy, and the government that Republicans in Congress made.
121
Boston Tea Party
In protest of the Tea Act, colonists dumped a lot of tea from the British East India Company into Boston Harbor.
122
15th Amendment
Gave the right to vote to every male citizen regardless of race, color, or previous servitude.
123
Treaty of 1818
A deal between the United States and Great Britain to share the Oregon region.
124
Spoils System
The president has the power to give out political favors.
125
Patronage
Situation in which the president gives political jobs to people he knows and trusts
126
Wilmot Proviso
David Wilmot made a plan in 1846 that said slavery should never be allowed anywhere in the land that Mexico gave up.
127
Proclamation of Neutrality
It came out in 1793 and said that the US would not get involved in wars in Europe.
128
Scalawags
Southern white Republicans who helped with rebuilding after the Civil War were seen as traitors by many.
129
Second Industrial Revolution
The economy grew at a rate that had never been seen before in the late 1800s. With the increased use of energy, oil, and steel, technology made big leaps forward.
130
The Battle of The Alamo
Starting on March 6, 1836, Santa led an attack on the Alamo mission. People remember that Texans like Colonel William Travis, Davy Crockett, and Jim Bowie died there. Mexico beat the Texas soldiers badly, but it was seen as a turning point in the war that led to Texas getting its freedom.
131
King George III
During the American Revolution, he was King of Great Britain and Ireland. By putting taxes on the colonies without giving them a voice in Parliament, they gave the colonists a reason to break away from Great Britain.
132
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
