REVISIONS1 Flashcards
Six states of arousal in infants
Active sleep - quiet sleep - Crying
Active awake - Alert awake - Dozing
What is the so called warrior gene
Monoamine Oxidase or MAO
What is optical expansion and when does it develops
Seeing object from closer better than the background , develops at 1 month old
What is stereopsis and when does it develops + what is monocular cues and age it emerges
the perception of depth produced by the reception in the brain of visual stimuli from both eyes in combination; binocular vision. Emerges at 4 months old
Monocular cues = seeing with one eye , emerges at 6/7 months old
Gross motor development and Fine motor development stages
Gross = crawling, walking, standing Fine = Reaching and Grasping
Three stages of prenatal development and timing
GERMINAL : 0 TO 2 WEEKS
EMBRYONIC : 3-8 WEEKS
FETAL : 9 WEEKS TO BIRTH
Cephalocaudal development meaning and when does it appear
From 4th week, it means that areas near the head develop earlier
What is Piaget’s theory and the four stages + ages
Discontinuous stage theory: children construct their own knowledge by their own testing
- SENSORIMOTOR : 0-2 YO acquire object permanence, the A-NOT-B Task and Search tasks test it
- PRE-OPERATIONAL : 2-7 YO acquire ability to internally represent the world through language & mental imagery: = symbolic representation BUT still strong centration and lack of conservation concept + egocentric = test stage with 3D mountain task
- CONCRETE OPERATIONAL : 7 to 11 : Acquire logical reasoning, understands events influenced by multiple factors
- FORMAL OPERATIONAL : 11+ : Abstract concepts, thinking recursively , plan and organise
How is theory of mind tested and age it emerges
emerges at 5yo typically , test with unexpected transfer task : SALLY&ANNE or unexpected content task : SMARTIES BOX w/ pencil inside task : all 5yo pass
Information-processing theory of dev description
Core knowledge theory description
- Continuous change, important changes constantly occur.
- Children enter the world with a set of specialised learning abilities , they have innate understandings, assumes ISOMORPHISM = organisation of the mind is same as organisation of the brain, no individual differences in brain modules organisation
LEV VYGOTSKY : describe his theory and main concepts
Development is continuous. Children’s level of thinking is the product of social institutions and of the child’s culture and history, these determines his success in overcoming problems.
Inner speech is the product of external speech
2 stages: the actual stage and the learning potential or “zone of proximal development” where they learn with social scaffolding.
Zone of proximal dev : the range of performance between what children can do unsupported and what they can do with optimal support
Social scaffolding: a more competent person provides a temporary framework to support child’s thinking at higher level than they can on their own
name three views/accounts of emotions in infancy and toddlerhood + describe each
GENETIC-MATURATIONAL ACCOUNT : Emotions the product of biology, different reactions due to individual differences and mix btw genes and environment
LEARNING ACCOUNT : Emotions varies btw children due to environment, explains differences in onset of emotions
FUNCTIONALIST ACCOUNT: emphasises role of environment and says that the function of emotions is to promote actions towards achieving a goal
Attachment theory : what is it
Three views and the researchers involved
Early relationships w/ parents influence the nature of infant’s interactions through to adulthood and their own self-worth
- Biologically driven view: Konrad Lorenz : Imprinting
- A fear of not being fed: Harry Harlow, the monkey and cylinder bottles experiment: monkeys always went back to the comfy mother after feeding with the bottle mother cupboard theory
- Early relationships view: Bowlby & Ainsworth : bowlby’s 4 phases of attachment - Ainsworth did the stranger situation experiment
BOWLBY’S 4 PHASES OF ATTACHMENTS NAMES AND AGES
- PRE-ATTACHMENT phase : 0-6 weeks
- ATTACHMENT IN THE MAKING phase: 6-8 months : infant starts to respond more to familiar ppl
- CLEAR-CUT ATTACHMENT 8 months to 2 yo : they seek contact with caregivers and have separation distress
- RECIPROCAL relationships 2 yo onwards = child takes active role in developing working partnerships w/ caregivers
The stranger situation : name the four attachment categories observed and describe
SECURE ATTACHMENT = high quality relation w/ caregiver, child is upset when they leave and happy to see them return, recovers quickly and use them as secure base to explore around : 2/3 of children
INSECURE RESISTANT = Child is clingy - very upset when caregiver leaves, not easily comforted by the stranger and not easily comforted by caregiver at return = 15% of children
INSECURE AVOIDANT = child is indifferent towards caregiver - indifferent when they leave and return, easily comforted by the stranger , 20% of children
DISORGANIZED = inconsistent patterns
