revision - reproduction and respiration Flashcards
What is asexual reproduction - No_ parents involved, genetics etc
In asexual reproduction, the offspring is genetically identical to the parent (there’s only one parent involved). Also genetically identical to other offspring of same parent. No fertilisation is involved.
What is the main type of cell division in asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
Mitosis
What is sexual reproduction
50% genetically same to each parent (2 parents involved). Not genetically same to other offspring of same parents. Fertilisation involved
By what kind of cell division are gametes formed
Meiosis
What is a diploid cell
A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent)
What is a haploid cell
A cell that contains one copy of each chromosome (e.g gametes)
What is fertilisation
The fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division (mitosis) and develops into an embryo
Two ways plants can asexually reproduce and exmaples
Naturally - runners
Artificially - cuttings
What is a runner
Involved in natural, asexual plant reproduction. A side shoot that grows from parent plant. Buds form at points along the runner (where it touches the ground) and eventually these buds form roots and grow into new plants
Structure of a flower - male parts of flower and purposes
Stamen - overall name for the male parts of flower
Anther - oval thing on stick, where pollen (male gamete) is produced and released
Filament - holds up the anther
Structure of a flower - female parts of flower and purposes
Carpels - overall name for female parts of flower
Stigma - fat thing in middle of flower, receives pollen
Style - tube running down from stigma, connects stigma to ovary
Ovary - contains the ovules
Ovules - contains the ova
Features of insect pollinated plants and adaptations
- petals
- stigma
-Large brightly coloured petals to attracts insect pollinators
-Stigma is enclosed within flower so insect must make contact with it, and sticky so pollen grains attach from insects
Features of insect pollinated plants and adaptations
-stamen
-pollen
-nectaries
- stamen enclosed within flower to ensure pollinator rubs against it
-pollen grains are large and sticky with hooks to attach to pollinator’s fur
-nectaries present to attract pollinators
Features of wind pollinated plants
-stigma
-petals
-nectaries
-stigma are exposed and feathery to catch pollen grains blowing in wind
-petals are usually small and green
- nectaries absent (no need to attract pollinators)
Features of wind pollinated plants
-stamen
-pollen
- stamen are exposed so wind can easily pick up pollen
- pollen grains are small, smooth and inflated
What happens when a pollen grain lands on an appropriate stigma
The pollen grain grows a pollen tube which digests its way through the style, to the ovary. It grows around the opening of an ovule (the micropyle), allowing the pollen grain nucleus to move in. It fuses with an ovum, fertilising it.
What happens after fertilisation
The fertilised ovum becomes a seed.
The ovary becomes a seed
How does a germinating seed get food
Until the seed is able to photosynthesise, they must get energy from somewhere else. The seed contains a cotyledons, a food store, which provides it with energy.
parts of the male reproductive system
bladder, seminal gland, sperm duct, penis, urethra, testes, foreskin, scrotum
Journey of sperm cells
Sperm cells are made in the testes. They travel through the sperm duct and urethra when leaving the body.
Function of the labia
Folds of tissue which surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and urethra
Functions of
-seminal gland
-testes
-anus
- produce the liquid that mixes the sperm to form semen
-sperm are produced here
-base of the lower intestine, through which faecal matter exits body
Functions of
-erectile tissue
-bladder
-foreskin
- is filled with blood when aroused to allow penis to become hard
-urine is stored here
-layer of skin and muscle that covers and protects the glans of the penis
Functions of
-scrotum
-urethra
-glans
- sack of skin and muscle which contains the testes, helps to regulate their temperature
-tube that urine and sperm leave the body through
-tip of penis, zone of sexual pleasure
Functions of
-penis
-sperm duct
- used to get sperm into female
-tube the sperm travel through during intercourse
Role of FSH in the menstrual cycle
produced by the pituitary gland. causes egg to mature in follicle, in ovary. stimulates oestrogen production
Role of oestrogen in menstrual cycle
produced by ovaries. causes lining of uterus to rebuild/thicken after menstruation. stimulates LH production.
Role of LH in menstrual cycle
produced by pituitary gland. causes follicle to move towards edge of ovary and burst open, releasing egg (ovulation). stimulates progesterone production
Role of progesterone in menstrual cycle
produced by corpus luteum (follicle remains). thickens and maintains limning of uterus, prevents ovulation.
role of placenta
provide a surface across which useful materials and waste products can pass between mother’s and foetus’ blood. anchors embryo. secretes progesterone which stops period. prevents transmission of pathogens.
what protects developing embryo
amnion (aka amniotic sac) protects embryo from physical harm with amniotic fluid which cushions impact received.
What is ATP
ATP is the product of respiration, and the molecule that is produced from the breakdown of glucose.
Word equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose –> carbon dioxide and water
Symbol equation for aerobic respiration
6O2+ C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
Glucose –> lactic acid
word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast
glucose –> carbon dioxide + ethanol
Describe the process of anaerobic respiration
We anaerobically respire when doing high intensity exercise, as we use up the oxygen in our muscles and can’t replace it all. This means we respire anaerobically.
