Revision Booklet Flashcards
conditioning
Use Pavlov’s experiment to define the process of classical conditioning
*Before conditioning:
*Neutral stimulus [bell] -> no response
Unconditioned stimulus [food] -> Unconditioned response [salivation]
Aquisition
Neutral stimulus + Unconditioned stimulus -> Unconditioned response
REPEATED PARING OF THE STIMULI
Performance
Conditioned stimulus [bell] -> Conditioned response [salivation]
conditioning
What is operant conditioning?
A learning process by which the liklihood of a particular behaviour occuring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour. [positive and/or negative]
conditioning
According to Thorndike’s study, what is the law of effect? [consequences of a behaviour]
If a behaviour is followed by satisfying consequences it is strengthened
If a behaviour is followed by unpleasant consequences it is weakened
conditioning
What is reinforcement as according to Skinner’s operant conditioning?
any stimulus that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behaviour that follows it. rinforcer comes after the response and is therefore the UCS
conditioning
Define the components of the schedules of reinforcement (2)
- Continuous reinforcement - the correct response is reinforced every time it is given
- Partial reinforcement - when only some responses are reinforced
conditioning
Define fixed interval schedules and the effects on the learner in partial reinforcement
a) fixed interval schedule - delivered after fixed time [10 seconds]
moderate response, more erratic, once it is realised that time is the factor, response reate drops and then increases as the time for reinforcer approaches
conditioning
Define fixed ratio schedule and the effects on the learner in partial reinforcement
b) fixed ratio schedule - after fixed number of correct responses
predictive, so very effective during aquisition phase (frequency needs to be high), once aquisition is complete, frequency can be reduced
conditioning
Define Variable interval and the effects on the learner in partial reinforcement
c) Variable interval - occurs on average time interval [4 - 16 seconds]
low but stable rate of response, behaviour is extinguished more slowly
conditioning
Define variable ratio schedule and the effects on the learner in partial reinforcement
d) variable ratio schedule - reinforcement occurs on the basis of an average number of correct responses [poker machine]
quickly aquired response and one that is difficult to extinguish. Unpredictability of the reinforcer seems to lure participants more than a fixed ratio
conditioning
What is shaping in operant conditioning
widely used for animal training–a reinforcer is given for any response that successively qpproximates and leads to the desired response
conditioning
what is punishment in operant conditioning – how is it different to negative reinforcement
Punishment is any stimulus that is unpleasant and which generally decreases the likelihood of the behaviour recurring - consequence needs to be administered immediately and consistently after undesired response
negative reinforcement aims to INCREASE the probability of a response occuring [correct response stops an unpleasant stimulus -* seatbelt stops car alarm*]
whereas
Punishment aims to DECREASE the probability of a response occuring
[unpleasant stimulus follows an inappropriate behaviour taze suspect who runs
conditioning
What is preparedness in operant conditioning
associations are learned more readily than others and responses cannot be conditioned with equal ease
scared of spiders not cars
conditioning
What is the aquisition phase in classical conditioning
refers to the phase when the organism is aquiring the response that it will eventually learn
conditioning
What is extinction in classical conditioning
when a conditioned response no longer occurs
occurs over a period of time when the UCS is withdrawn and the CS alone continues to be presented
[remove food at bell sound]
conditioning
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning
after extiniction and a rest period, the organism may once again show the CR when the CS is presented
response is usually weaker and of lesser duration than the original CR
conditioning
What is stimulus generalisation in classical conditioning
the tendency for another/other similar stimulus to also produce the conditioned response [chicken bad]
generalised stimuli often produce a response weaker in strength than the original
conditioning
What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning
occurs when an organism responds to the CS but NOT to a stimulus similar to the CS
conditioning
What is aquisition in operant conditioning
The establishment of the desired response through reinforcement
shedule of reinforcement is important here
continuous schedule will mean a faster aquisition phase
conditioning
What is extinction in operant conditioning
occurs when the operantly conditioned response disappears over time s reinforcement ceases.
brought about by consistently NOT producing the reinforcer
conditioning
What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning
Reappearance of an extinguished response after a response period.
Usually weaker in response and rarely lasts long
conditioning
What is stimulus generalisation in operant conditioning
refers to responding to stimuli which approximate the original stimulus
[pigeon may peck at an orange and a yellow light, but not from a colour further from the original orange]
conditioning
What is stimulus discrimination in operant conditioning
organisms ability to learn which responses will be reinforced and which wont
when it can reliably perform the behaviours that will be reinforced and not perform those which wont, then discrimination is evident
[teach pigeons to peck green not red]
conditioning
What is contiguity
Refers to the closeness in time that two stimuli are presented, with closer proximity meaning higher association between the two.
Classical- 1/2 second is ideal
Operant- ASAP
conditioning
What is contingency
When one stimulus depends on the other - [sit i get a treat, predictive]
Classical- learning/conditioning (CR) is dependent on the UCS/CS COMING BEFORE the behaviour.
Operant- learning/conditioning is dependant on the reward or punishment following the behaviour.
conditioning
What are some differences between Classical and Operant conditioning?
classical is:
- organism is passive when UCS/CS is presented
- only involuntary responses are involved
- Response depends on the reinforcement being presented
- the reinforcer is the UCS and it PRECEDES the response
operant is:
- organism must be motivated to receive the reinforcement or punishment
- may involve both voluntary and involuntary responses
- reinforcement depends on the response being made
- the reinforcer FOLLOWS the desired response
ethics
List ethical issues that can be associated with research/experimentation
- informed consent
- voluntary participation
- beneficence
- intergrity for persons
- confidentiality
- right to withdraw
- debriefing
- right to not be psychologically harmed
observational learning
What is observational learning
occurs when someone observes another person’s [THE MODEL] actions and their consequences and uses it to guide their own future actions,
observational learning
Define what the ARRM process is for the learner observational learning
learner must
-pay ATTENTION
- RETAIN what has been observed
- REPRODUCE actions
- reinforcement MOTIVATES the learner’s behaviour
