Revision Flashcards
what causes a parasternal heave
right ventricular hypertrophy
what causes a thrill
turbulent blood flow
is stenosis an opening or closing problem
opening
is regurgitation an opening or closing problem
closing
what valves could cause a stenosis murmur during systole
aortic or pulmonary
what valves could cause a regurgitation murmur during systole
mitral or tricuspid
what valves could cause a stenosis murmur during diastole
mitral or tricuspid
what valves could cause a regurgitation murmur during diastole
aortic or pulmonary
what is the normal range for BMI
18-25
where do you measure waist circumference
halfway in between lower rib and iliac spine
what are the normal ranges for waist circumference
102 cm men 82 cm women
what are the normal ranges for cholesterol
low 5 LDL, above 1 HDL
what are the normal ranges for blood pressure
120/80-140/90
what is the cut of age for suspicion of hereditary disease
60 men 65 women
what is the most commonly occluded coronary artery
LAD (left anterior descending)
why do veins have a wider lumen
as they carry most of the blood- capacitance vessels
what is atherosclerosis
a pogressive disease characterised by the build up of plaques within the arteries
describe the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques
endothelial damage
Protective response results in production of
cellular adhesion molecules
Monocytes and T lymphocytes attach to
‘sticky’ surface of endothelial cells
Migrate through arterial wall to subendothelial space
Macrophages take up oxidised LDL-C
Lipid-rich foam cells
Fatty streak and plaque
what is the largest class of lipoproteins
chylomicrons
are triglycerides good or bad
associated with increased risk of CHD events but not as bad as LDL
what does VLDL do in the endogenous pathway
transports triglycerides from the liver to the rest of the body
what do chylomicrons do in the endogenous pathway
transport triglycerides from the gut to the liver
what is xanthelasma
xanthomas of eyelids (may/may not be associated with hyperlipidemia)
what are tendon xanthomas
extensor tendons (of Achilles tendon, fingers, patella. elbows) are infiltrated by lipids