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PYU401 > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Realism

A

Feelings pre exist before they show

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2
Q

Relativism

A

Things in our world are socially constructed

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3
Q

Credibility

A

The truth of the findings

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4
Q

Transferability

A

The extent to which findings can be transferred to other settings

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5
Q

Dependability

A

The extent to which the research would produce consistent findings if carried out again

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement or prediction that can be tested

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7
Q

Testing the hypothesis

A

Without bias, in a reliable manner

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8
Q

Internal validity

A

It measures what it is intended to measure

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9
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which results can be applied to other situations

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10
Q

Reliability

A

Are the same results consistently produced over time

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11
Q

BPS: code of ethics and conduct

A

Respect, competence, responsibility, integrity

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12
Q

Scientific method

A

Observe regularities, propose a theory, develop a prediction, test the prediction, evaluate the theory

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13
Q

Ontology

A

What exists

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14
Q

Epistemology

A

Knowledge of what exists

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15
Q

Methodology

A

How we can investigate what exists

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16
Q

Determinism

A

The natural order of things means events have identifiable causes

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17
Q

Empiricism

A

Theories must be based on publicly available observable evidence

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18
Q

Order

A

Events do not happen randomly therefore patterns should be identifiable

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19
Q

Parisimony

A

Explanations should be limited to what is evidenced, whilst being thorough and simple

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20
Q

Qualitative

A

Inductive approach

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21
Q

Quantitative

A

Seductive approach

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22
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Simply available to the researcher by virtue of a accessibility

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23
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Researcher makes contact with a small group who are relevant to research then used them to find more participants

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24
Q

Quota sampling

A

A sampling frame is defined in advance of data collection and the sample is chosen from the list

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25
Q

Variable

A

Anything that varies and can be measured

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26
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable which may affect the values of another variable-something you manipulate

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27
Q

Dependant variable

A

Variable which may be affected or predicted by other variables

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28
Q

Research design

A

General structure that the researcher uses in a research study

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29
Q

Research method

A

A technique for collecting data

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30
Q

Quantitative

A

behaviour, cognition, emotion.
numerical data.
Large sample
variable

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31
Q

Qualitative

A

individual case
language or behaviour itself are used as units of analysis
Small sample

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32
Q

Mode

A

Most common

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33
Q

Median

A

Middle score

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34
Q

Mean

A

Add the scores up then divide it by the number of scores you have

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35
Q

Random sampling

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected

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36
Q

Experiments

A

Control variables

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37
Q

Quasi experiments

A

Some variables can’t control

38
Q

Psychometric tests

A

Personality and intelligence

39
Q

Comparison studies

A

Twin studies and cross section

40
Q

Correlation

A

Relationship between variables

41
Q

Types of surveys

A

Questionnaires
Interviews
Focus groups
Internet

42
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Select every n’th person from the population

43
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Attempt to represent overall population in your sample

44
Q

Cluster sampling

A

An existing representative group

45
Q

Response sets

A

Open/closed
Rating, ranking
Agree disagree
Middle alternative

46
Q

Acquisition bias

A

People just saying yes

47
Q

Order effect

A

People may get lazy with their answers and not think about what they are saying

48
Q

Experimental design

A

Identified whether one variable affects another in a cause and effect sequence

49
Q

Laboratory experiments

A

Conducted in a controlled environment (psychology lab)

50
Q

Field experiments

A

Conducted in real life situations

51
Q

One tailed

A

Prediction specifies direction

52
Q

Two tailed

A

Prediction does not specify direction

53
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

States there is an effect of the independent variable on the dependant variable

54
Q

Null hypothesis

A

States there is no effect of the independent variable on the dependant variable

55
Q

Subject variables

A

All the participants did not have the same amount of sleep the night before

56
Q

Situational variables

A

All psychology may not have the same temperature

57
Q

Experimental variables

A

Experimenter may not behave the same towards all participants

58
Q

Procedural variables

A

In repeated measures, first condition may make participants perform better than the others

59
Q

Two main research strategies

A

Deductive and inductive

60
Q

Inductive approach

A

Focus on words and meanings, goal is to develop a theory

61
Q

Qualitative research

A

Used to gain understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and motivations

62
Q

Theory

A

General rules that can help explain a particular behaviour or event

63
Q

Within group design

A

Scores from the same participants repeated

64
Q

Between group designs

A

Different participants and independent measures

65
Q

Experiment

A

Control variables

66
Q

P value

A

The probability of these results occurring if the null hypothesis were true

67
Q

Measurement error

A

A discrepancy between the number we use to represent something and the value of what we’re measuring

68
Q

Ratio

A

Similar to interval, ratios of values along the scale should be meaningful

69
Q

Type 1 error

A

When you think the results are significant but they are insignificant

70
Q

Type 2 error

A

When you think the results are insignificant but they are significant

71
Q

Item quality

A

Does the question make sense?

72
Q

Sample

A

A smaller representation of a full population

73
Q

Central tendency

A

Methods of describing the centre for distribution

74
Q

Khun’s paradigm shift

A

Replication- constant evaluation of the theory

75
Q

Positivism

A

World is explained by using data to evaluate theories

76
Q

Constructionism

A

Understand people science is not superior, research does not give facts

77
Q

Objectivism

A

There is only one correct description of reality/ existence takes primacy over consciousness

78
Q

Subjectivism

A

Knowledge is subjective, there is no external or objective truth

79
Q

Deductive approach

A

Goal is theory testing focus’ on establishing a relationship between the theory and the research

80
Q

Research design

A

General structure of research

81
Q

Research method

A

Technique for collecting data

82
Q

Participants must be aware of

A

Benefits m, confidentiality, anonymity, incentives, contact of details, signature

83
Q

Realism issues

A

Cannot see all perspectives as equally valid, cannot evaluate arguments against any form of evidence

84
Q

Relativism issues

A

Our knowledge of the world is not simply a reflection on the way the world is, research method is not objective, how can we assess if what we feel is the same as what we think we feel?

85
Q

Survey advantages

A 
Large data set
Wide range of data 
Quick 
Cheap 
Can standardise questions 
Easy to analyse
86
Q

Survey disadvantages

A 
Interviewer effects
Population bias
Response acquiescence 
Poor designed questions 
Individual differences in understanding
87
Q

Qualitative data collection

A 
Interviews 
Observation 
Open ended questionnaire 
Diary method 
Clinical method 
Case studies
88
Q

Large sample advantages

A

Less likely to be bias
Increased power
Increased likelihood of detecting an effect

89
Q

Large sample size disadvantages

A

Can give meaningless significant result,

Can make a detention of a bad design of measurement difficult,

90
Q

Small sample size advantages

A

Data collection is quicker
Less data to analyse
Detect subtleties in the data

91
Q

Small sample size disadvantages

A

Reduced power
Increased chance of bias
Increased chance of non significant results

PYU401 (6 decks)

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