Revision

Question 1

Benedict of Nursia

Answer 1

meals of the brethren should not be without reading - must be reading whilst having meals - designated reader each week

Question 2

John Cassian

Answer 2

believed that the aim of Christians training was the reading and reciting of scriptures - to perfect the inner man

Question 3

Pierre de Celle

Answer 3

‘divine science ought to mould rather than question, to nourish conscience rather than knowledge’

Question 4

why did civic & ecclesiastical authorities found universities?

Answer 4

political power could be strengthened with the capabilities of learned men

Question 5

Davide Cantoni

Answer 5

believes this increase of education transformed Europe from a poor, rural backward society, into an urban and commercial one.

Question 6

How is this an economic revival?

Answer 6

education institutional changes
technological improvements
‘warm period’ agricultural productivity

Question 7

Primary sources for education

Answer 7

Wachelins purgatorial visions - eschatological changes - intercessory prayers

Nicholas Orme - 12th century increasing literacy, Henry II educating his son

Policraticus - direct challenge to the state, believes the king should be able to read and write his own laws

Chivalric cultures - curbing the brutish behaviour of knights, learning letters and other 7 liberal arts.

Question 8

Gibbon

Answer 8

a time of ‘barbarism and superstition’

Question 9

what did rational criticism of ordeals as a truth determining process initiate?

Answer 9

the separation of the natural and the supernatural, making possible government by administration, new legal system, new ways of determining religious truth

Question 10

What were the crusades

Answer 10

military endeavour, sanctioned by church - council of clermont Urban II - to liberate christians

Question 11

worries about papal-santioned raiding?

Answer 11

Saxon knight “is it not the land we are devastating our land, and the people we are fighting our people?”

knights growing moral compass

council of Pisa - anyone who fought the enemies of latin church would get penance - ideological leap - could now fight fellow christians.

Question 12

what were the economic/social motivations to go on crusade?

Answer 12

prawer: peasants joined to divert themselves from serfdom - thus becoming freemen

expansion of the concept of crusades also meant a movement of seeing going on a crusade as something meritorious, rather than sinful

Question 13

religious change in urban areas

Answer 13

diversity of urban population - different ethnic and religious groups that were often self-confined in their living arrangements - would intertwine in commerce

Question 14

What authority did bishops have in urban areas

Answer 14

had authority without the religious domain - they supervised cities food and water supplies

Question 15

What changes were made to the land

Answer 15

1. increased land under the plough
2. growth in population (larger labour pool, subdivision of land)
3. increased pop reduces the land peasants held
4. ireland, sparsely populated invited people to migrate and help develop

Question 16

What did the Statute of Kilkenny note 1366

Answer 16

notes on the English assimilation to Irish language and cultures

evidence of both Irish and Scottish kings inviting English settlers

Question 17

David Power

Answer 17

‘commercial capitalism’ - money was being used to make more money but was not being reinvested in substantial quantity in industry.

Question 18

tawney

Answer 18

argued that it was the development of the large capitalist farmer which supplied the link binding agriculture to the market

Question 19

What concern were people freaking themselves out over

Answer 19

the apocalypse

Question 20

why were people thinking about the apocalypse

Answer 20

book of revelation - symbolic of political crisis

investiture conflict - severe enough for people to believe that it was the end of Christendom - looking to secular rulers rather than pope

papal schisms = insecurity, justification for the scepticism

period of cultural revival - increase in writing and book production

Question 21

What primary source talks about love and desire

Answer 21

the Song of Songs

Question 22

What does the Song of Songs go on about

Answer 22

male and female POV
love unfulfilled but anticipated
mutuality - both seek
themes of longing and desire - belief love is never ending
intense personal feeling

Question 23

why was there contradictions around marriage

Answer 23

sin/justifiable
conjugal debt
complexities over sexual pleasure

Question 24

How did rape allow freedom

Answer 24

condemned in canon law
kidnapping
if rapist did penance and the victim agreed - they could get married thus allowing women more agency in choosing their husbands.

Question 25

Who was the GOAT

Answer 25

Hildegard of Bingen

Question 26

how was womanhood represented in courtly love

Answer 26

hybrid gender - female sexuality and status of feudal lord

yet also detached and absent object of desire

Question 27

howard

Answer 27

courtly love was a reaction to the part of marriage minded nobility against the increasing economic power of women

Question 28

David D’Avery

Answer 28

image of Helpdesk: bulls, legates, excommunication

Question 29

what was Gregorian reforms against

Answer 29

corruption within the church, nepotism, simony, clerical celibacy - led by pope Gregory VII 1073-1085

Question 30

Mcloughlin

Answer 30

links the increase in simony to the increased circulation of money and the expansion of commerce

Question 31

what was the investiture conflict when did it end

Answer 31

papacy and secular over appointing bishops

concord of worms - acknowledges the theoretical authority of the pope.

Question 32

Sally Vaughn

Answer 32

argues was a battle between three - the king, pope and st Anselm

Question 33

CNL Brooke

Answer 33

attacks on married priests
law forbidding the ordination of the sons of priests
definitive by Urban II

Question 34

Augustin Fliche

Answer 34

saw Gregory VII as the centre of a vast movement of ideas whose origins are to be found deep in the tenth century and whose manifestations continue up on to the middle of twelfth

Question 35

Where was power rooted?

Answer 35

in the control of wealth and the willingness to use violence - benefitted reputation and self-identity

Question 36

how did chivalric cultures change the nature of warfare?

Answer 36

went from slaughtering enemies to ransoming - making it economically opportunistic as well as politically motivated

Question 37

threats to chivalry

Answer 37

towns - wealthy and powerful merchants had little interest in fighting - no desire to the castle required to hold captives or to have expensive horses

inflation; made the lifestyle more expensive - a warhorse in France in the 12th century was worth more than 7 ordinary horses.

Question 38

important map of London

Answer 38

Matthew Paris Itinerary Map

Question 39

What does Matthew Paris’ Map indicate

Answer 39

secular and ecclesiastical authorities, compared it to a better version of Rome, intellect, merchants, music, money

Question 40

how do we know cities expanded

Answer 40

shown by the archaeological evidence of building new walls - however some didnt fill out due to the Black Death and loss of population

Question 41

Lorraine Attreed

Answer 41

after receiving basic chartered liberties during the 12th and 13th centuries, English towns continued to augment both their privileges and physical spaces ins hai they exercised them

urban officers sought to define civil identity as distinct from the rural, noble, and ecclesiastical powers that surrounded them

Question 42

Poll Tax info

Answer 42

provides comparative population figures
reflects high rural immigration
capital city 45/50,000
500 market towns

Question 43

lay subsidy return

Answer 43

evidence of observable pattern of urbanisation in 1337 was not fundamentally altered by the population collapse