Revision Flashcards
Benedict of Nursia
meals of the brethren should not be without reading - must be reading whilst having meals - designated reader each week
John Cassian
believed that the aim of Christians training was the reading and reciting of scriptures - to perfect the inner man
Pierre de Celle
‘divine science ought to mould rather than question, to nourish conscience rather than knowledge’
why did civic & ecclesiastical authorities found universities?
political power could be strengthened with the capabilities of learned men
Davide Cantoni
believes this increase of education transformed Europe from a poor, rural backward society, into an urban and commercial one.
How is this an economic revival?
education institutional changes
technological improvements
‘warm period’ agricultural productivity
Primary sources for education
Wachelins purgatorial visions - eschatological changes - intercessory prayers
Nicholas Orme - 12th century increasing literacy, Henry II educating his son
Policraticus - direct challenge to the state, believes the king should be able to read and write his own laws
Chivalric cultures - curbing the brutish behaviour of knights, learning letters and other 7 liberal arts.
Gibbon
a time of ‘barbarism and superstition’
what did rational criticism of ordeals as a truth determining process initiate?
the separation of the natural and the supernatural, making possible government by administration, new legal system, new ways of determining religious truth
What were the crusades
military endeavour, sanctioned by church - council of clermont Urban II - to liberate christians
worries about papal-santioned raiding?
Saxon knight “is it not the land we are devastating our land, and the people we are fighting our people?”
knights growing moral compass
council of Pisa - anyone who fought the enemies of latin church would get penance - ideological leap - could now fight fellow christians.
what were the economic/social motivations to go on crusade?
prawer: peasants joined to divert themselves from serfdom - thus becoming freemen
expansion of the concept of crusades also meant a movement of seeing going on a crusade as something meritorious, rather than sinful
religious change in urban areas
diversity of urban population - different ethnic and religious groups that were often self-confined in their living arrangements - would intertwine in commerce
What authority did bishops have in urban areas
had authority without the religious domain - they supervised cities food and water supplies
What changes were made to the land
- increased land under the plough
- growth in population (larger labour pool, subdivision of land)
- increased pop reduces the land peasants held
- ireland, sparsely populated invited people to migrate and help develop
What did the Statute of Kilkenny note 1366
notes on the English assimilation to Irish language and cultures
evidence of both Irish and Scottish kings inviting English settlers
David Power
‘commercial capitalism’ - money was being used to make more money but was not being reinvested in substantial quantity in industry.
tawney
argued that it was the development of the large capitalist farmer which supplied the link binding agriculture to the market
What concern were people freaking themselves out over
the apocalypse
why were people thinking about the apocalypse
book of revelation - symbolic of political crisis
investiture conflict - severe enough for people to believe that it was the end of Christendom - looking to secular rulers rather than pope
papal schisms = insecurity, justification for the scepticism
period of cultural revival - increase in writing and book production
What primary source talks about love and desire
the Song of Songs
What does the Song of Songs go on about
male and female POV
love unfulfilled but anticipated
mutuality - both seek
themes of longing and desire - belief love is never ending
intense personal feeling
why was there contradictions around marriage
sin/justifiable
conjugal debt
complexities over sexual pleasure
How did rape allow freedom
condemned in canon law
kidnapping
if rapist did penance and the victim agreed - they could get married thus allowing women more agency in choosing their husbands.
Who was the GOAT
Hildegard of Bingen
how was womanhood represented in courtly love
hybrid gender - female sexuality and status of feudal lord
yet also detached and absent object of desire
howard
courtly love was a reaction to the part of marriage minded nobility against the increasing economic power of women
David D’Avery
image of Helpdesk: bulls, legates, excommunication
what was Gregorian reforms against
corruption within the church, nepotism, simony, clerical celibacy - led by pope Gregory VII 1073-1085
Mcloughlin
links the increase in simony to the increased circulation of money and the expansion of commerce
what was the investiture conflict when did it end
papacy and secular over appointing bishops
concord of worms - acknowledges the theoretical authority of the pope.
Sally Vaughn
argues was a battle between three - the king, pope and st Anselm
CNL Brooke
attacks on married priests
law forbidding the ordination of the sons of priests
definitive by Urban II
Augustin Fliche
saw Gregory VII as the centre of a vast movement of ideas whose origins are to be found deep in the tenth century and whose manifestations continue up on to the middle of twelfth
Where was power rooted?
in the control of wealth and the willingness to use violence - benefitted reputation and self-identity
how did chivalric cultures change the nature of warfare?
went from slaughtering enemies to ransoming - making it economically opportunistic as well as politically motivated
threats to chivalry
towns - wealthy and powerful merchants had little interest in fighting - no desire to the castle required to hold captives or to have expensive horses
inflation; made the lifestyle more expensive - a warhorse in France in the 12th century was worth more than 7 ordinary horses.
important map of London
Matthew Paris Itinerary Map
What does Matthew Paris’ Map indicate
secular and ecclesiastical authorities, compared it to a better version of Rome, intellect, merchants, music, money
how do we know cities expanded
shown by the archaeological evidence of building new walls - however some didnt fill out due to the Black Death and loss of population
Lorraine Attreed
after receiving basic chartered liberties during the 12th and 13th centuries, English towns continued to augment both their privileges and physical spaces ins hai they exercised them
urban officers sought to define civil identity as distinct from the rural, noble, and ecclesiastical powers that surrounded them
Poll Tax info
provides comparative population figures
reflects high rural immigration
capital city 45/50,000
500 market towns
lay subsidy return
evidence of observable pattern of urbanisation in 1337 was not fundamentally altered by the population collapse
