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4 Radiology > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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2
Q

when were x-rays discovered?

A

1895

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3
Q

When were x-rays used for dental?

A

1896

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4
Q

Why do we have to worry about x-rays?

A

Can cause ionisation of atoms/molecules in soft tissues

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5
Q
A

cathode connection

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6
Q
A

filament

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7
Q
A

electron beam

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8
Q
A

tungsten target

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9
Q
A

glass housing

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10
Q
A

anode connection

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11
Q
A

bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays

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12
Q
A

x-rays

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13
Q
A

filament focusing cup

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14
Q
A

filament connections

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15
Q

what is the cathode in an x-ray machine made of?

A

thin wire of tungsten

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16
Q

what is the anode in an x-ray machine made of?

A

tungsten target embedded in copper

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17
Q

What law gives us the safe distance from a source of x-rays?

A

Inverse square
law intensity = 1/d2

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18
Q

Name the two ways x-rays are produced in dental radiography:

A

Characteristic
Bremstrahlung

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19
Q

what is photoelectric effect?

A

interaction of x-rays with matter

emission of electrons from a material caused by light (electromagnetic radiation)

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20
Q

what is compton scatter?

A

interaction of x-rays with matter

low energy photons pass through a tissue and collide with molecules producing a change in direction and loss of energy

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21
Q

What does IRMER stand for?

A

Ionising radiation medical exposure regulations

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22
Q

What does IRR stand for?

A

Ionising radiation regulations

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23
Q

What are the main differences between IRMER 17 and IRR 17

A

IRR protects eqipment, staff and general public where as IRMER protects patients

IRR requires RPS (radiation protection supervisor) and RPA (advisor) where as IRMER requires MPE (medical physics expert)

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24
Q

Who in the dental office are effected by IRR and IRMER?

A

IRR - staff
IRMER - patients

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25
Q

Name the 4 designated roles under IRMER

A

Employer - legal person
Referrer - doctor/dentist
Practitioner - justifies exposure - dentist
Operator - any person involved in taking the x-ray

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26
Q

Which IRMER role relates to you?

A

Dentist has entitlement as referrer, practitioner and operator (they can be employer too)

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27
Q

What are Local Rules?

A

Written rules pertaining to controlled areas
Minimum content:
- Identified designated area
- Name of RPS
- Arrangement for restricting access
- Dose investigation level
- Summary of working instructions
- Contingency arrangement

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28
Q

RPA what does it stand for? what do they do?

A

Radiation protection advisor
Advises on compliance

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29
Q

RPS what does it stand for? What do they do?

A

Radiation protection supervisor
Ensures compliance with IRR17

30
Q

What is MPE? What do they do?

A

Medical physics expert

Enhanced roll in IRMER

Involved in the development of protocols for equipment and procedures

31
Q

What is the image quality rating system?

A

Images are rated either acceptable or not acceptable

32
Q

What is Selection Criteria?

A

Part of IRMER 17 the employer has duties to establish recommendations concerning referral criteria

33
Q

name the two types of radiographs

A

left PA mandible
right occipito-mental 30*

34
Q

what are the positioning differences between PA mandible and occipito-mental 30*?

A

PA mandible -> forehead and nose on film -> radiographic baseline 90*

OM 30* -> nose and chin on films -> radiographic baseline 45* to film

35
Q

what is the paralleling technique?

A

standard technique for intra-oral radiographs using a holder

36
Q

advantages of paralleling technique

A

Uses holder - collimator for easier positioning

Receptor parallel to tooth

X ray beam perpendicular to tooth/receptor

Creates accurate and reproducible image
- Reduce dose to patient through reducing repeats and exposure to fingers

37
Q

What radiographs would you request for identification of an unerupted maxillary canine?

A

Horizontal or vertical parallax -> 2 views/radiographs taken of same object with different angulation

38
Q

What do we mean by ALARP?

A

As low as reasonably practicable

39
Q

Give examples of how ALARP is achieved?

A

Well maintained equipment -> IRR 17

Only take radiographs if clinically necessary -> IRMER 17

Always produce good quality radiographs -> IRMER 17

Collimation -> IRMER 17

Fast film to reduce dose -> IRMER 17

Lead protection where appropriate -> thyroid collar -> IRMER 17

40
Q

what are the layers surrounding action film?

A

Outer layer - orientation, protect from light and saliva

Black paper - stop light

Lead foil - absorb back scatter

Direct/indirect action film

41
Q

what are the layers of direct action film?

A

Plastic base layer

Adhesive layer

Emulsion layers - reacts with x-rays -> silver bromide

Gelatine layer - protect from physical damage

42
Q

what are the layers of indirect action film?

A

Intensifying screen on either side of film forming a cassette

Base layer

Reflective layer - reflect light to film

Phosphor layer - reacts with x-rays to produce light

Supercoat - protect from damage

43
Q

what is the blue holder used for?

A

anteriors

44
Q

what is the yellow holder used for?

A

posterior

45
Q

what is the red holder used for?

A

bitewings

46
Q

what is the green holder used for?

A

endodontic procedures

47
Q

look at this structure of a holder

A
48
Q

remember young patients with dividing cells are more radiosensitive as they have a longer lifetime of which to develop effect

A
49
Q

name this x-ray

A

periapical

50
Q

name this x-ray

A

horizontal bitewing

51
Q

name this x-ray

A

vertical bitewing

52
Q

name this x-ray

A

occlusal maxilla

53
Q

name this x-ray

A

occlusal mandible

54
Q

name this x-ray

A

DPT

55
Q

name this x-ray

A

lateral cephalogram

56
Q

name this x-ray

A

postero-anterior mandible

57
Q

name this x-ray

A

lateral oblique mandible

58
Q

name this x-ray

A

occipito-mental views of facial bones

59
Q

name this x-ray

A

postero-anterior cephalogram

60
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

flat occlusal plane - chin up

61
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

slumped spine

61
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

chin down

62
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

narrow incisors - too far forwards

63
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

large incisors - too far back

64
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

mouth open

65
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

rotated head and postured forwards

66
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

patient moved

67
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

earrings and ghost shadow

68
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

earring and fracture

69
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

4 years old

70
Q

what is the fault in this DPT?

A

bilateral fractures

71
Q

Revise anatomy of DPT

A

4 Radiology (19 decks)

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