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4 Radiology > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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2
Q

when were x-rays discovered?

A

1895

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3
Q

When were x-rays used for dental?

A

1896

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4
Q

Why do we have to worry about x-rays?

A

Can cause ionisation of atoms/molecules in soft tissues

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5
Q
A

cathode connection

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6
Q
A

filament

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7
Q
A

electron beam

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8
Q
A

tungsten target

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9
Q
A

glass housing

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10
Q
A

anode connection

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11
Q
A

bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays

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12
Q
A

x-rays

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13
Q
A

filament focusing cup

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14
Q
A

filament connections

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15
Q

what is the cathode in an x-ray machine made of?

A

thin wire of tungsten

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16
Q

what is the anode in an x-ray machine made of?

A

tungsten target embedded in copper

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17
Q

What law gives us the safe distance from a source of x-rays?

A

Inverse square
law intensity = 1/d2

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18
Q

Name the two ways x-rays are produced in dental radiography:

A

Characteristic
Bremstrahlung

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19
Q

what is photoelectric effect?

A

interaction of x-rays with matter

emission of electrons from a material caused by light (electromagnetic radiation)

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20
Q

what is compton scatter?

A

interaction of x-rays with matter

low energy photons pass through a tissue and collide with molecules producing a change in direction and loss of energy

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21
Q

What does IRMER stand for?

A

Ionising radiation medical exposure regulations

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22
Q

What does IRR stand for?

A

Ionising radiation regulations

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23
Q

What are the main differences between IRMER 17 and IRR 17

A

IRR protects eqipment, staff and general public where as IRMER protects patients

IRR requires RPS (radiation protection supervisor) and RPA (advisor) where as IRMER requires MPE (medical physics expert)

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24
Q

Who in the dental office are effected by IRR and IRMER?

A

IRR - staff
IRMER - patients

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25
Name the 4 designated roles under IRMER
Employer - legal person Referrer - doctor/dentist Practitioner - justifies exposure - dentist Operator - any person involved in taking the x-ray
26
Which IRMER role relates to you?
Dentist has entitlement as referrer, practitioner and operator (they can be employer too)
27
What are Local Rules?
Written rules pertaining to controlled areas Minimum content: - Identified designated area - Name of RPS - Arrangement for restricting access - Dose investigation level - Summary of working instructions - Contingency arrangement
28
RPA what does it stand for? what do they do?
Radiation protection advisor Advises on compliance
29
RPS what does it stand for? What do they do?
Radiation protection supervisor Ensures compliance with IRR17
30
What is MPE? What do they do?
Medical physics expert Enhanced roll in IRMER Involved in the development of protocols for equipment and procedures
31
What is the image quality rating system?
Images are rated either acceptable or not acceptable
32
What is Selection Criteria?
Part of IRMER 17 the employer has duties to establish recommendations concerning referral criteria
33
name the two types of radiographs
left PA mandible right occipito-mental 30*
34
what are the positioning differences between PA mandible and occipito-mental 30*?
PA mandible -> forehead and nose on film -> radiographic baseline 90* OM 30* -> nose and chin on films -> radiographic baseline 45* to film
35
what is the paralleling technique?
standard technique for intra-oral radiographs using a holder
36
advantages of paralleling technique
Uses holder - collimator for easier positioning Receptor parallel to tooth X ray beam perpendicular to tooth/receptor Creates accurate and reproducible image - Reduce dose to patient through reducing repeats and exposure to fingers
37
What radiographs would you request for identification of an unerupted maxillary canine?
Horizontal or vertical parallax -> 2 views/radiographs taken of same object with different angulation
38
What do we mean by ALARP?
As low as reasonably practicable
39
Give examples of how ALARP is achieved?
Well maintained equipment -> IRR 17 Only take radiographs if clinically necessary -> IRMER 17 Always produce good quality radiographs -> IRMER 17 Collimation -> IRMER 17 Fast film to reduce dose -> IRMER 17 Lead protection where appropriate -> thyroid collar -> IRMER 17
40
what are the layers surrounding action film?
Outer layer - orientation, protect from light and saliva Black paper - stop light Lead foil - absorb back scatter Direct/indirect action film
41
what are the layers of direct action film?
Plastic base layer Adhesive layer Emulsion layers - reacts with x-rays -> silver bromide Gelatine layer - protect from physical damage
42
what are the layers of indirect action film?
Intensifying screen on either side of film forming a cassette Base layer Reflective layer - reflect light to film Phosphor layer - reacts with x-rays to produce light Supercoat - protect from damage
43
what is the blue holder used for?
anteriors
44
what is the yellow holder used for?
posterior
45
what is the red holder used for?
bitewings
46
what is the green holder used for?
endodontic procedures
47
look at this structure of a holder
48
remember young patients with dividing cells are more radiosensitive as they have a longer lifetime of which to develop effect
49
name this x-ray
periapical
50
name this x-ray
horizontal bitewing
51
name this x-ray
vertical bitewing
52
name this x-ray
occlusal maxilla
53
name this x-ray
occlusal mandible
54
name this x-ray
DPT
55
name this x-ray
lateral cephalogram
56
name this x-ray
postero-anterior mandible
57
name this x-ray
lateral oblique mandible
58
name this x-ray
occipito-mental views of facial bones
59
name this x-ray
postero-anterior cephalogram
60
what is the fault in this DPT?
flat occlusal plane - chin up
61
what is the fault in this DPT?
slumped spine
61
what is the fault in this DPT?
chin down
62
what is the fault in this DPT?
narrow incisors - too far forwards
63
what is the fault in this DPT?
large incisors - too far back
64
what is the fault in this DPT?
mouth open
65
what is the fault in this DPT?
rotated head and postured forwards
66
what is the fault in this DPT?
patient moved
67
what is the fault in this DPT?
earrings and ghost shadow
68
what is the fault in this DPT?
earring and fracture
69
what is the fault in this DPT?
4 years old
70
what is the fault in this DPT?
bilateral fractures
71
Revise anatomy of DPT

4 Radiology (19 decks)

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