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4 Radiology > Extra oral views > Flashcards

Extra oral views Flashcards

1
Q

images relating to the mandible? 3

A

Poster-anterior mandible
Lateral oblique of mandible
DPT

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2
Q

Images relating to the maxilla and cranium ? 3

A

Lateral cephalogram (skull)
Occipito-mental views (face)
Sailography (imaging of salivary glands)

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3
Q

Terminology - views - relate to direction of the x-ray beam

PA
AP
OM
Lat

A

postero-anterior
antero-posterior
occipito-mental
lateral

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4
Q

define positioning landmarks?

A

imaginary lines on the side of a patients face

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5
Q

name the 3 positioning landmarks

A

radiographic baseline
frankfort plane
maxillary occlusal plane

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6
Q

what is the radiographic baseline?

A

Line from outer canthus of the eye to external auditory meatus

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7
Q

what is the franfort plane?

A

Line from inferior orbital margin to external auditory meatus

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8
Q

what is the maxillary occlusal plane?

A

Line from the ala of the nose to the tragus of the ear

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9
Q

which positioning landmark is red?

A

radiographic baseline

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10
Q

which positioning landmark is yellow?

A

maxillary occlusal plane

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11
Q

which positioning landmark is blue?

A

frankfort plane

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12
Q

what equipment is needed for extra oral radiography? 3

A

Skull unit or cephalometric unit with a high intensity, highly penetrating beam

Image receptor
- Cassette with intensifying screen and film
- Digital system cassette containing a phosphor plate

Anti-scatter grid

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13
Q

There is more scatter radiation in skull radiography this can add to background fog and produce a greyer image lacking in contrast

Anti-scatter grid

Stops ? scattered in the patient reaching the ? and degrading the film, only the ???? are able to get through and reach the receptor

Narrow strips of ? alternating with ?

A

photons
receptor
straight high energy photons

lead
plastic

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14
Q

this shows a scatter grid -> understand

A
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15
Q

when x-rays pass through tissues, some are scattered. what is this called?

A

Compton scatter

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16
Q

Positioning a patient for extra-oral radiography

patient relative to film

Facial views
- Radiographic baseline ?* to film
- Median sagittal plane ?* to film

A

45
90

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17
Q

positioning a patient for extra oral radiography

patient relative to film

Skull radiography
- Radiographic baseline ?* to film

A

90

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18
Q

positioning a patient for extra oral radiography

x-ray beam relative to patient

the beam can be in what 3 orientations?

A

postero-anterior
antero-posterior
lateral

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19
Q

positioning a patient for extra oral radiography

Angle of the beam relative to the patient

Most head and neck radiography requires angles to move structures out of the way of other anatomy

A
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20
Q

what is this extra oral imaging technique?

A

PA mandible

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21
Q

what is this extra oral imaging technique?

A

PA mandible as mandible is elongated

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22
Q

what is the main use of a postero-anterior mandible ragiograph?

A

fractures of the mandible

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23
Q

why is a PA mandible the preferred method of extra-oral views? 2

A

Reduced magnification of facial features
Reduce dose to eyes

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24
Q

what is the technique for taking a PA mandible?

A

Patient nose and forehead touching the film -> radiographic baseline 90*

Aim beam to midline (external occipital protuberance and between the eyes) of patient at height of mid-ramus

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25
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

nasal septum

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26
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

coronoid process

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27
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

angle of mandible

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28
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

shadow of spine

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29
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

neck of condyle

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30
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

head of condyle

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31
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

mastoid process

32
Q

name this anatomical feature of a PA mandible

A

petrous part of temporal bone

33
Q

what is this extra-oral imaging technique?

A

Lateral oblique radiography of the mandible

34
Q

why do we do lateral oblique rather than just lateral?

A

Superimposition of two rami make it difficult to make sense of image

35
Q

what extra-oral imaging technique is useful for children who cant tolerate bitewings?

A

lateral oblique mandible

36
Q

lateral oblique mandible is useful for

Fractures
Pathology
Assessment of wisdom teeth (though normally DPT)
Dental assessment
Caries in children who cannot tolerate bitewings

A
37
Q

what equipment do you use for lateral oblique to query a fracture or pathology?

A

isoscentric skull unit
or
conventional x-ray tube (pathology)
- vertical angulation
- horizontal angulation

38
Q

for lateral oblique mandibles how is a isoscentric skull unit used?

A

Patient supine
Rotate machine into horizontal plane
Angle 25* towards head
Get patient to tilt head towards the receptor

39
Q

what is this imaging technique?

A

lateral oblique mandible using isoscentric skull unit

40
Q

what is this imaging technique?

A

lateral oblique mandible using skull unit

41
Q

for lateral oblique mandibles what is the technique for using a dental tube with vertical angulation?

A

Patient holds receptor against and parallel to the side under investigation

Tube head positioned beneath the lower border of the mandible not under examination

Aim the tube towards the teeth under investigation

Angle the tube slightly upwards

42
Q

what imaging technique is this?

A

lateral oblique using dental tube with vertical angulation

43
Q

what is this imaging technique

A

lateral oblique mandible using dental tube with horizontal angulation

44
Q

how is a lateral oblique mandible using dental tube with horizontal angulation taken?

A

Patient holds receptor against and parallel to the side under investigation

Tube head aimed along occlusal plane, just below ear towards the teeth being examined

  • Radiographic keyhole: triangular space between the back of the ramus and the cervical spine
45
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

coronoid process

46
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

condylar head

47
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

condylar neck

48
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

cervical spine

49
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

ramus of mandible

50
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

angle of mandible

51
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

hyoid

52
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

body of mandible

53
Q

name this anatomical feature of a lateral oblique mandible (skull unit)

A

mental foramen

54
Q

cephalometric radiography is used to view what structures?

A

maxilla and cranium

55
Q

cephalometric radiography is useful for what?

A

orthodontics
pre-orthognathic surgery (jaw surgery)

56
Q

cephalometric radiographs can only be taken with what?

A

Cephalostat unit (usually attached to DPT)

57
Q

cephalometric radiographs need to be reproducible as this is important for measurements before orthodontics and surgery. how is this achieved?

A

patient positioned with ear rods

58
Q

what are the two views for cephalometric radiography?

A

lateral cephalometric radiography
postero-anterior cephalometric radiography

59
Q

lateral cephalometric radiography

Mid sagittal plane ? to receptor

Frankfurt plane ?

Centre of x-ray beam aimed at ?

Teeth in ?

A

parallel

horizontal

external auditory meatus

occlusion

60
Q

what extra oral view is this?

A

cephalometric radiography

61
Q

what extra oral view is this?

A

lateral cephalometric radiography

62
Q

what extra oral view is this?

A

Posteroanterior cephalometric radiography

63
Q

what is the Only procedure where give patient lead apron (thyroid shield) as exposure and dose slightly higher?

A

cephalometric radiography

64
Q

what is used to calculate the magnification of a cephalometric radiograph for surgical planning?

A

placing a magnification rod or ruler on the image

65
Q

cephalometric radiography

to ensure the magnification is ok we need a

? source to object distance

? object to receptor distance

A

long

short

66
Q

how do you see soft tissues with cephalometric radiography?

A

an aluminium filter

Positioned over anterior face to absorb some of the x-rays, digital x-rays have software that does this automatically

67
Q

Postero-anterior cephalometric radiograph

Radiographic baseline ? to floor

X-ray beam aimed at level of ?

A

parallel

external acoustic meatus

68
Q

what extra oral view is this?

A

occipito-mental view

69
Q

what extra oral view is this?

A

occipito-mental view

70
Q

what is seen in an occipito-mental veiw?

A

facial bones

71
Q

what is occipito-mental view useful for?

A

ruling out fracture

72
Q

To see all the bones in the face have to use different angulations of the beam. Standard views are OM ?, OM ? and OM ?*

A

0
10
30

73
Q

occipito-mental view
Positioning

Patient faces receptor with ? and ? touching

Radiographic baseline ?* to film
X-ray beamed aimed at middle through ?????

A

nose
chin

45
base of the nose

74
Q

occipito-mental view

Increasing downwards angulation projects dense bones of skull base away from facial structures, improving the view of the zygomatic arch

A
75
Q

Cone beam CT

3D reconstructions of anatomy that give much more information than extra-oral radiography

Should not be considered as first form of imaging for the patient as the dose is much greater

A

4 Radiology (19 decks)

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