Revised KINE 3200 Final Set Flashcards
The _______ is moveable and immovable.
Vertebral column
There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
The ________ is the most complex part of the body other than CNS
Vertebral column
_______ are the anterior portion of the trunk.
Abdominal muscles
Many small intrinsic muscles act on ______, ______, & ______.
Body ; head; thorax
T/F: Many small intrinsic muscles are too deep to palpate.
True
How many articulating vertebrae are there?
24
Which vertebrae is moveable?
Articulating
Which vertebrae is immovable?
Fused
There are ________ articulating vertebrae.
24
There are ______ fused vertebrae.
9
How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
How many sacrum & coccyx vertebrae are there?
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 4
What are the first two vertebrae in the cervical region?
Atlas & axis
T/F: Shapes allow for extensive rotary movements of head to side, as well as forward & backward movement.
True
What is the anterior bony block in the vertebrae?
Body
The _____ process projects out laterally
Transverse
The ______ process projects posteriorly.
Spinous
What enables the vertebral column to absorb blows and shocks
Spinal curve
What are the 3 normal curves within the moveable spine and which way do they curve?
Cervical: posteriorly
Thoracic: anteriorly
Lumbar: posteriorly
What is the increased curving of thoracic spine outward in the sagittal plane.?
Kyphosis
What is the increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane?
Lordosis
What is the lateral curving of the spine?
Scoliosis
All ribs attach posteriorly to which vertebrae?
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. All of the above
B.
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
How many true ribs are there?
7
How many false ribs?
5
How many pairs of false attach indirectly to the sternum?
3
How many pairs of false ribs are floating ribs?
2
What 3 things compose the sternum?
Body
Xiphoid process
Manubrium
What are the 7 muscle attachments? (Mp, Tpos, Spos, S, C, Ic, Pc)
- Mastoid Process
- Transverse process of spine
- Spinous process of spine
- Sternum
- Clavicle
- Iliac crest
- Pubic crest
What is the first joint? (Aj)
Atlantooccipital joint
The Atlantooccipital joint is formed by ________ of skill sitting on articular fossa of the _____ vertebra.
Occipital condyles ; 1st
T/F: Bony configuration allows flexion, extension, slight lateral flexion.
True
_______ vertebra sits on _______ vertebra.
Atlas ; axis
Most cervical rotation occurs where?
Atlantoaxial joint
T/F: Atlantooccipital is the most mobile joint of any two vertebrae.
False
Joints C2 to S1 are considered _______ symphysis joints. (Aa)
Amphiarthrodial
What are the two types of intervertebral disks?
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Compressed elastic material allows ______ & ______. (C ; T)
Compression ; Torsion
T/F: Compressed elastic material becomes less resilient with age, injury or improper use of spine.
True
What is the condition where the nucleus protrudes through the annulus from substantial weakening + compression. (Hnp)
Herniated nucleus pulposus (slipped disk)
________ puts pressure on spinal nerve root, causing pain, tingling, numbness and/or weakness in lower extremity. (P)
Protrusion
Most movement occurs in which two regions?
Cervical
Lumbar
Flexion of trunk =
Lumbar flexion
Flexion of head =
Cervical flexion
_________ rotates as a unit due to movement occurring in hip & lumbar spine
Pelvic girdle
Reduction is what?
Return to neutral
Cranial and cervical nerves innervate which muscles?
SCM & Splenius
What are the posterior spinal nerves?
Erector spinae group
Thoracic & lumbar nerves (RaTaOQl)
Rectus abominis
Transverse abdominis
Obliques
Quadratus lumborum
Origin and insertion of SCM (S,C, M)
O: sternum ; clavicle
I: mastoid
Origin and insertion of Splenius
O: cervical & thoracic vertebrae
I: Cervical vertebrae, mastoid process, occipital bone
What are the large & powerful muscles of the vertebral column?
Erector Spinae group
Origin and insertion Erector Spinae Group (R,Ic,Sp)
O: ribs, iliac crest, spinous process
I: ribs, spinous processes
What muscle is responsible for breathing during quiet rest?
Diaphragm
T/F: Abdominal wall muscles do not go from bone to bone.
true
Origin and insertion of Quadratus Lumborum muscle?
O: iliac crest
I: ribs and vertebrae
Origin and insertion Rectus abdominis
O: pubis
I: ribs and Xiphoid process
origin and insertion of external oblique abdominal muscle (r, i, p, ra)
O: ribs
I: ilium, pubis Rectus abdominis
Origin and insertion of Internal Oblique Abdominal muscles (il, i, r, la)
O: inguinal ligament, ilium
I: ribs, linea alba
Origin and insertion of TRANSVERSUS Abdominis muscle?
O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, ribs
I: pubis, linea alba
Cervical flexion agonists
SCM
Cervical Extension Agonist
Erector Spinae
Splenius muscles
Cervical Lateral Flexion Agonists (SCM, Es, S)
SCM
Erector Spinae
Splenius
Cervical Rotation Agonists (SCM,Es,S)
SCM
Erector Spinae
Splenius
Lumbar Flexion Agonists (RaEoIo)
Rectus abdominis
External obliques
Internal obliques
Lumbar Extension Agonists (QlEs)
Quadratus lumborum
Erector Spinae
Lumbar Lateral Flexion Agonists (EsRaEoIoQl)
Erector Spinae
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal obliques
Quadratus lumborum
Lumbar Rotation Agonists (EsEoIoQl)
Erector Spinae
External obliques
Internal obliques
Quadratus lumborum
The hip joint is reffered to as a ___________ joint.
Ball-and-socket
Head of _____ connects with _____ of pelvic girdle.
Gemur ; acetabulum
What is the longest bone in the body?
Femur
How is the pelvic girdle composed?
R & L pelvic bone join posteriorly by sacrum
What is the extension of the spinal column?
Sacrum
What 3 things is the pelvic bone composed of?
Ilium: 2/5
Ischium: 2/5
Pubis: 1/5
What seven bony landmarks makeup the pelvic girdle?
ASIS
AIIS
Iliac crest
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ischium tuberosity
What are the 4 bony landmarks of the femur?
Head
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Body movements typically involve ______ and _______.
Hip joint ; pelvic girdle
What joint is found anteriorly of the pelvic girdle?
Pubis symphysis
What joint(s) is found posteriorly of the pelvic girdle?
Sacroiliac joints
What is the 2nd most mobile joint?
Acetabulofemoral
Femoral head inserts into ________.
Acetabulum
Iliofemoral (Y) ligament does what? (Ph)
Prevents hyperextension
Pubofemoral ligament does what? (Lea)
Limits extension & abduction
Ischiofemoral ligament does what? (Lir)
Limits internal rotation
Abnormal or excessive forward rotation of a structure.
Anteversion
Abnormal or excessive backward rotation of a structure
Retroversion
The pelvic girlde moves within ______ planes for a total of ______ movements
3 ; 6
Anterior pelvic rotation =
Clockwise movement of pelvis
Posterior pelvic rotation
Left pelvis moves inferiorly
Left lateral pelvic rotation =
Iliac crest tilts forward
Right lateral pelvic rotation =
Right pelvis moves inferiorly
Left transverse pelvic rotation =
Counterclockwise movement of pelvis
Right transverse pelvic rotation =
Iliac crest tilts backward
Movement of femur straight anteriorly toward pelvis
Hip flexion
Movement of the femur straight posteriorly away from pelvis
Hip extension
Movement of femur laterally to side away from midline
Hip abduction
Movement of femur medially toward midline
HIp adduction
Rotary movement of femur laterally around longitudinal axis away from midline
Hip external rotation
Rotary movement of femur medially around longitudinal axis toward midline
HIp internal rotation
Movement in femur in a diagonal plane way from midline of body
Hip diagonal abduction
Movement of femur in a diagonal plane toward midline of body
Hip diagonal adduction
Movement of femur in a horizontal or transverse plane away from pelvis
Hip horizontal abduction
Movement of femur in a horizontal or transverse plane toward pelviis
Hip horizontal adduction
Hip and pelvic girdle muscles are innervated from ________ and _______ plexi
Lumbar ; sacral
T/F: At the hips, there are 7 two-joint muscles that have one action at hip and another at knee
True
Muscle motions depend on what 2 things?
Direction of movement
Position of body
What divides the thigh into 3 compartments?
intermuscular septa
Origin & insertion of the iliopsoas muscle
O: ilium, vertebrae
I: femur
Origin and insertion of Rectus femoris
O: ilium
I: patella
Origin & insertion of Sartorius muscle
O: ilium
I: tibia
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
Origin & insertion of the pectineus muscle
O: pubis
I: femur
Origin & insertion of the adductor muscles
O: pubis
I: femur
Origin and insertion of Gracilis muscle
O: pubis
I: tibia
Origin and insertion of Semitendinosus muscle
O: ischium
I: tibia
Origin and insertion of Semimembranosus muscle.
O: ischium
I: tibia
Origin and insertion of Biceps femoris muscle
O: ischium, femur
I: tibia, fibula
Origin and insertion Gluteus Maximus muscle
O: ilium, sacrum, coccyx
I: femur
Origin and insertion of Gluteus medius muscle
O: ilium
I: femur
Origin and insertion of gluteus minimus muscle
O: ilium
I: femur
Origin and insertion of Tensor Fasciae latae muscle
O: ilium
I: tibia
Hip Flexion Agonists (IRfPSTfl)
- Iliopsoas
- Rectus femoris
- Pectineus
- Sartorius
- Tensor fasciae latae
Hip Extension Agonists (GmBfSS)
- Gluteus Maximus
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
Hip Abduction Agonissts (GmGmGmTfl)
- Gluteus Maximus
- Gluteus Medius
- Gluteus Minimus
- Tensor fasciae latae
Hip Adduction Agonists (AbAlAmG)
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor longus
- Adductor magnus
- Tensor fasciae latae
Hip Internal Rotation (GmGmTfl)
- Gluteus minimus
- Gluteus medius
- Tensor fasciae latae
Hip External Rotation (GmSder)
- Gluteus Maximus
- Six deep external rotators
What is the largest diarthrodial joint in the body?
Knee joint
Which bone bears most of the body weight?
Tibia
T/F: The fibula has articulation with femur and patella
False
What are the 3 bones of the knee joint?
Patella
Femur
Tibia
The patella improves angle of pull, resulting in greater ______
MA (mechanical advantage
What are the key bony landmarks of the knee joint? (TtMfcLfc)
Tibial tuberosity
Medial & lateral femoral condyles
The tibiofemoral joint is also known as the _______. (Kjp)
Knee joint proper
Femoral condyles articulate on _______
Tibial condyles
The patella and femur articulate to form the ________.
Patellofemoral joint
Menisci form what between bones?
Cushion
Which bone are the menisci attached to?
Tibia
T/F: Menisci enhance stability and have a thick outside border that tears down to thin inside border
True
Which menisci is the largest?
Medial
Which menisci receives lateral femoral condyle?
Lateral
What supplies the knee joint with synovial fluid and is referred to as the “capsule of the knee”?
Synovial cavity
What is the posterior to patellar tendon?
Infrapatellar fat pad
How many bursae are there in and around the knee?
Greater than 10
What absorbs shock or reduces friction?
Bursae
What ligaments cross within knee between tibia and femur?
ACL & PCL
Which ligament stabilizes femur?
ACL
Which ligament stabilizes the tibia?
PCL
What is one of the most common serious injuries to knee and most common in females?
ACL Injuries
What ligament in the knee joint is commonly injured in contact sports?
MCL
Which ligament provides medial stability by preventing knee from being abducted
MCL
Bending backward, as in knee hyperextension
Recurvatum
Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
Valgus
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
Varus
Knee extension in anatomical position is at what degrees?
0*
Bending or decreasing angle between femur & leg, characterized by heel moving heel moving toward buttocks
Flexion
Straightening or increasing angle between femur & leg
Extension
Rotary movement of leg laterally away from midline
External rotation
Rotary movement of leg medially toward midline
Internal rotation
Where does the central line of pull occur?
ASIS to patella
Line of pull of patella occurs where?
Patella to tibial tuberosity
Which gender typically have greater Q angles due to wider pelvis
Females
Origin and insertion of Rectus Femoris Muscle
O: ilium
I: patella
Origin and insertion of Vastus Lateralis Muscle
O: femur
I: patella
Origin and insertion of Vastus Intermedius Muscle
O: femur
I: patella
Origin and insertion of Vastus Medialis Muscle?
O: femur
I: patella
Origin and insertion of Semimembranosus Muscle
O: ischium
I: tibia
Origin and insertion of Semitendinosus Muscle
O: ischium
I: tibia
Origin and insertion of Biceps Femoris Muscle
O: ischium, femur
I: tibia, fibula
Origin and insertion of Popliteus Muscle
O: femur
I: tibia
Knee Extension Agonists (RfVlViVm)
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus medialis
Knee Flexion Agonists (BfSS)
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
Knee Internal Rotation Agonists (SSP)
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Popliteus
Knee External Rotation Agonists (Bf)
Biceps Femoris
How many bones are in the ankle and foot joint?
26
How many large muscles are in the ankle and foot joint?
19
There are more than _____ ligaments in the ankle and foot joint.
100
What are the two main functions of the ankle and foot joint? (SP)
- Support
- Propulsion
The swing phase consist of ____% of walking & _____% of Running.
40 ; 60
T/F: The tibia and fibula are apart of the ankle and foot joint.
True
How many tarsal, metatarsals, and phalanges are there?
Tarsal: 7
Metatarsals: 5
Phalanges: 5
What are the tarsal bones? (CTNCMcIcLc)
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Medial cuneiform
- Intermediate cuneiform
- Lateral cuneiform
Each toe has 3 phalanxes except for which toe?
1st
What are the 7 bony landmarks of the ankle and foot joint? (Dmt,Dmf,Tp,Fdl,Fhl,T,Bom)
- Distal malleoli tibia
- Distal malleoli fibula
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Tarsals
- Base of metatarsals
What joint is joined at both proximal and distal joints
Tibiofibular joints
What is the anatomical name of the ankle joint?
Talocrural joint
What joints are classified as gliding or Arthrodial and have a combined movement of 20-30 of inversion and 5-15 of eversion? (ST)
Subtalar & Transverse
What are the joints between the 7 bones of the foot?
Intertarsal joints
What is maintained by ligaments in the foot and ankle?
Foot arches
What arch helps with shock absorption?
Medial longitudinal arch
Which arch aids in balance?
Lateral longitudinal arch
What arch adapts foot to the ground?
Transverse arch
What injury of the ankle and foot joint is the most common?
Ankle sprain
What is injury is a common painful condition involving inflammation of plantar fascia?
Plantar fasciitis
Movement of top of ankle & foot toward anterior tibia
Dorsiflexion
Movement of ankle & foot away from anterior tibia
Plantar flexion
Turning ankle and foot outward
Eversion
Turning ankle & foot inward
Inversion
Movement of toes toward plantar surface of foot
Toe flexion
Movement of toes away from plantar surface of foot
Toe extension
Combination of ankle & Dorsiflexion, Subtalar eversion & forefoot abduction
Pronation
Combination of ankle plantar flexion, Subtalar inversion & forefoot adduction
Supination
The ankle and foot joints are innervated by the ______ nerve.
Sciatic
The lower leg has how many compartments?
4
What muscle(s) is/are located in the Anterior compartment?
Dorsiflexors
What muscle(s) is/are located in the Lateral compartment?
Evertors
What muscle(s) is/are located in the Superficial posterior compartment?
Plantar flexors
What muscle(s) is/are located in the Deep posterior compartment?
Plantar flexor & invertors
What is the common term describing painful leg condition often associated with running activities?
Shin splints
Origin and insertion of Gastrocnemius muscle (F;C)
O: femur
I: calcaneus
Origin and insertion of Plantaris muscle (F;C)
O: femur
I: calcaneus
Origin and insertion of Soleus muscle (Ft;A)
O: fibula and tibia
I: Achilles’ tendon
Origin and insertion of Fibularis Longus Muscle (F;Uof)
O: fibula
I: undersurface of foot
Origin and insertion of Fibularis Brevis Muscle (F;5m)
O: fibula
I: 5th metatarsal
Origin and insertion of Fibularis Tertius Muscle
O: fibula
I: 5th metatarsal
Origin and insertion of Extensor Digitorum Longus
O: tibia and fibula
I: 4 lesser toes
Origin and insertion of Extensor Hallucis longus muscle
O: fibula
I: great toe
Origin and insertion of Tibialis Anterior Muscle
O: tibia
I: 1st metatarsal
Origin and insertion of Tibialis Posterior
O: interosseus membrane of tibia and fibula
I: inferior surface of mid-foot
Origin and insertion of Flexor Digitorum Longus
O: tibia
I: 4 lesser toes
Origin and insertion of Flexor Hallucis Longus
O: fibula
I: great toe
Ankle Dorsiflexion Agonists (TaEdlFt)
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor digitorum
- Fibularis tertius
Ankle Plantar Flexion Agonists (GSP)
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
Inversion Agonists (TaTp)
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Eversion Agonists (FlFbFtEdl)
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
- Fibularis tertius
- Externsor digitorum longus
Toe Flexion Agonists (FhlFdl)
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Toe Extension Agonists (EhlEdl)
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
