Exam 1 topic list Flashcards
What is Kinesiology
Study of motion or human movement
What is the main difference between anatomical and fundamental position?
Essentially the same but, palms are facing the body
What is the vertical line passing through apex of axilla
Mid-axillary line
Parallel to mid-axillary line and passes through anterior axillary skinfold
Anterior axillary line
Parallel to mid-axillary line and passes through posterior axillary skinfold
Posterior axillary line
Vertical line through spinous processes of spine
Vertebral line
Vertical line on posterior surface of body passing through inferior angle of scapula
Scapula line
Vertical line down body passing through midpoint of clavicle (R&L)
Mid-clavicular line
Vertical line passing through middle of sternum
Mid-sternal line
Away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin
Distal
Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
Proximal
From the center of the body out towards the distal
Proximodistal
- Relating to the back; toward the back, posterior
- Top of foot
Dorsal
Relating to the belly or abdomen, front
Ventral
Palm or collar aspect of the hand
Palmar
Sole or undersurface of the foot
Plantar
Relating to lateral side of leg
Fibular
Relating to medial side of leg
Tibial
Relating to the lateral side of arm
Radial
Relating to the medial side of arm
Ulnar
_____ plan divides the body into 2 equal, left and right halves
Sagittal
What is the axis of sagittal plane?
Frontal
What movements are related to the sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension
____ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
Frontal plane
What is the axis of the frontal plane?
Sagittal
What movements are related to the frontal plane?
Abduction and adduction
____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse plane
What axis is correlated with the transverse plane?
Longitudinal
What movements are related to the transverse plane?
Rotational
What are the skeletal functions?
- Protection of heart
- Support to maintain posture
- Points of attachment
- Mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus
- Hemopoiesis
What are the 5 types of bones?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
What are the two long bones? (HF)
Humerus & fibula
What are two short bones? (CT)
Carpals & tarsals
What are two flat bones? (SS)
Skull & scapula
What are three irregular bones? (PEEo)
Pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles
What is an example of sesamoid bones?
Patella
Which of the 5 bones is composed of a long cylindrical shaft with wide, protruding ends?
Long Bones
Which of the 5 bones is small, cuboidal shaped, a solid bone that usually has a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone?
Short bones
Which of the 5 bones usually has a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin?
Flat bones
Which of the 5 bones includes bones throughout entire spine, ischium, pubis, maxilla, ethmoid, and ear?
Irregular bones
Which of the 5 bones are small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units?
Sesamoid bones
Which bony feature is the long cylindrical shaft of bones?
Diaphysis
Which bony feature consist of membrane covering the outer surface of diaphysis?
Periosteum
Which bony feature is a hard compact bone forming walls of diaphysis?
Cortex
Which bony feature is a membrane that lines the inside of the cortex?
Endosteum
Which bony feature is between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow?
Medullary cavity
What bony feature is the end of long bones?
Epiphysis
Which bony feature is thin cartilage plate that separate diaphysis and epiphyses?
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
Which bony feature covers the epiphysis and provides cushion and reduces friction?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
What are the 3 major classification of joints? (SAD)
- Synarthrodial
- Amphiarthrodial
- Diarthrodial
What are immovable fibrous joints?
Synarthrodial joints
What are slightly movable joints?
Amphiarthrodial joints
What are synovial joints and freely movable?
Diarthrodial joints
Which type of joints have motion possible in one or more planes?
Diarthrodial joints
What are the six types of diarthrodial joints? (GTCAES)
- Ginglymus
- Trochoid
- Condyloidal
- Arthrodial
- Enarthrodial
- Sellar
What is an example of Synarthrodial joints? (SG)
Sutures & Gomphosis (teeth fitting into mandible)
What is an example of Amphiarthrodial joint? (SynSymSync)
- Syndesmosis: (tibia/fibula)
- Symphysis: pubis symphysis
- Synchondrosis: joint between ribs an sternum
What is the joint relationship between stability and mobility?
The more mobile a joint, the less stable and vice-versa.
What are the 5 major factors that affect total stability and consequently mobility of a joint? (BCLMP)
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Muscles
- Proprioception
What is a goniometer?
Measures amount of movement in a joint
T/F: There are more than 600 muscles in the human body.
True
T/F: The human body weight consist of 40-50% muscles.
True
What are skeletal muscles responsible for?
- movement of body and all its joints
- protection
- stability
- posture and support
What is aggregate muscle action?
Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion
What are muscles usually named due to?
-visual appearance
- anatomical location
- function
What are the 2 major types of fiber arrangements?
Parallel & Pennate
What are parallel muscles?
Fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle
Parallel muscles produce ____ than similar sized Pennate muscles
Greater ROM
What are the 5 shapes of parallel muscles?
- Flat
- Fusiform
- Sphincter
- Radiate
- Strap
Which type of parallel muscle is usually thin, and broad, originating from fibrous sheet-like aponeuroses
Flat muscles
Rectus abdominis and external oblique are examples of which parallel muscle?
Flat muscles
Which parallel muscle is spindle shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end?
Fusiform muscles
The Brachialis and biceps brachii are examples of which parallel muscle?
Fusiform muscles
Which type of parallel muscle is more uniform in diameter with fibers arranged in a long parallel manner?
Strap muscles
The Sartorius and sternocleidomastoid are examples of which parallel muscle?
Strap muscle
The radiate muscle is a combined arrangement of which parallel muscles?
Flat and fusiform
The pectoralis major and trapezius are examples of which parallel muscle?
Radiate muscle
Which parallel muscle is a circular type muscle with endless strap muscles?
Sphincter muscle
The Orbicularis oris surrounding the mouth is an example of which type of parallel muscle?
Sphincter muscle
Which type muscle has shorter fibers and arranged obliquely to their tendons?
Pennate
How are pennate muscle categorized?
Upon arrangement between fibers and tendon
What are the three types of Pennate muscles?
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate
Which pennate muscles produce the strongest contractions?
Unipennate and Bipennate
Which Pennate muscle has fibers that run obliquely from a tendon on one side only?
Unipennate
The biceps femoris and tibialis posterior are examples of which type of pennate muscle?
Unipennate
Which pennate muscle has fibers that run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon?
Bipennate
The Rectus femoris is an example of which type of pennate muscle?
Bipennate muscle
What pennate muscle has several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them?
Multipennate
The deltoid is an example of which pennate muscle?
Multipennate
What are fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and other structures?
Tendons
T/F: two muscles may share a common tendon
True
T/F: A muscle may not have multiple tendons connecting it to 1+ bones
False; a muscle may
What is origin of a muscle?
Proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline
What is insertion of a muscle?
Distal attachment or the part that attaches further from the midline
Between origin and insertion, which is the least movable part?
Origin
What is contraction?
Tension developed in a muscle as a result of stimulus
Which contraction is where active tension is developed within a muscle, but joint angles remain constant
Isometric
Which contraction is where muscle develops active tension to either cause or control movement?
Isotonic
What are the types of isotonic contractions?
Eccentric, Concentric, Isokinetic
Which Isotonic contraction lengthens the muscle?
Eccentric
Which Isotonic contraction has fixed movement speed?
Isokinetic
Which isotonic contraction shortens the muscle?
Concentric
Which type of contraction is described when; the resistance> Muscular force
Eccentric
Which type of contraction is described when; Muscular force> the resistance
Concentric
Which muscle has joint motions when contracting concentrically and are prime movers?
Agonist muscles
Which muscle is located on the opposite side of joint from agonist and have the opposite concentric action?
Antagonist muscles
Quadriceps muscles are ____ to hamstrings in knee flexion.
Antagonist
Bicep muscles are _____ to triceps in bicep curl.
Agonist
What muscles surround joint to provide firm base of support?
Stabilizer muscles
What muscles assist agonist muscles?
Synergist muscles
What is the term when 2+ muscles of a joint pull in different directions, causing an efficient rotation?
Force couples
What is responsible for muscle contraction?
Nervous system
What are the 5 levels of control of the CNS? (CcBgCBsSc)
- Cerebral cortex
- Basal ganglia
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
- Spinal cord
Which part of the CNS has the highest level of control & voluntary movements of muscle action?
Cerebral cortex
Which part of the CNS controls posture, equilibrium, balance, and rhythmic activities?
Basal ganglia
Which part of the CNS controls sensory impulses, timing and intensity to refine movements?
Cerebellum
Which part of the CNS functions in arousal or maintaining a wakeful state?
Brain Stem
Which part of the CNS has specific control; pathway between CNS and PNS?
Spinal Cord
The PNS is divided into what two divisions?
Sensory & Motor
How do Sensory nerves work?
Bring impulses from receptors in skin to peripheral aspects of body to CNS
How do Motor nerves work?
Carry impulses to outlying regions of body from the CNS
Where do voluntary nerves carry impulses?
Skeletal muscles
Where do involuntary muscles carry impulses?
Heart, smooth muscles, and glands
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are sensory?
1, 2, 8
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are motor?
3, 4, 6, 11, 12
Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are motor and sensory?
5, 7, 9, 10
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What are the classes of spinal nerves in order and there quantity?
- Cervical: 8
- Thoracic: 12
- Lumbar: 5
- Sacral: 5
- Coccygeal: 1
What is the lumbosacral plexus composed of?
- Lumbar nerves
- Sacral nerves
- Coccygeal nerve
What is a neuron?
Basic functional units of nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses
What are motor neurons?
Impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and tissue
What are sensory neurons?
Impulses to spinal cod and brain from all parts of body
What are interneurons?
Central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
What are proprioceptors?
Internal receptors which provide feedback relative to tension, length, position, and movements
What do proprioceptors work to accomplish?
Kinesthesis
What the muscle proprioceptors?
- muscles spindles
- Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
What are the joint/skin Proprioception? (MRPK)
- Meissners corpuscles
- Ruffini’s corpuscles
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Krause’s end-bulbs
Which proprioceptors detect joint changes?
Meissners corpuscles
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Which proprioceptors receives stimulus from touch?
Pacinian corpuscles
Krause’s end-bulbs
What is the all or none principle?
Regardless of number, individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will either fire and contract maximally or not at all
What stimuli produces AP in some motor units?
Submaximal stimuli
What stimuli produces AP in all motor units of a particular muscle?
Maximal stimuli
What are the phases of muscle tension development in order? (SLpCpRp)
- Stimulus
- Latent Period
- Contraction phase
- Relaxation phase
What is length tension relationship?
Maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force varies depending upon the length of the muscle during contraction
What is an a example of length-tension relationship?
Squatting slight to stretch the calf
What is the stretch-shortening cycle?
An active stretch of a muscle followed by an immediate shortening of that same muscle
What is an example of stretch-shortening cycle?
When a jumper moves quickly downward immediately prior to jumping upward
Which muscles cross and act directly on the joint that they cross?
Uniarticular muscles
The Brachialis: pulls humerus and ulna together.
This is an example of which muscle articulation?
Uniarticular muscles
Which muscles cross and act on two different joints; causing motion at 1+ joints?
Biarticular muscles
Rectus Femoris muscle (crosses the hip and knee)
This is an example of which muscle articulation?
Biarticular muscles
Which muscles act on three or more joints?
Multiarticular muscles
Flexor digitorum superficialis (crosses humeroulnar, radiocarpal, metacapophalangeal and interphalangeal joints).
This is an example of which muscle articulation?
Multiarticular muscles
What are the types of machines in the body?
- Levers
- Wheels/axles
- Pulleys
In what four ways do machines function? (BEEA)
- Balance multiple forces
- Enhance force to overcome a resistance
- Enhance ROM & speed of movement
- Alters direction of the applied force
What is the most common machine in the body?
Levers
What is torque?
The rotary effect of a force about an axis of rotation
What is a force arm?
Distance between the location of force and axis
What is mechanical advantage?
Resistance/force
The _____ the lever, greater ____ it can produce.
Longer ; Force
The ______ the lever, the greater _____ it can produce.
Shorter ; speed
What is the 1st class lever?
F - A - R
What is the 2nd class lever?
A - R - F
What is the 3rd class lever?
A - F - R
Which lever multiplies speed & ROM when axis is closer to force (MA<1)?
1st class lever
Which lever multiplies force when axis is closer to resistance (MA>1)?
1st class lever
What are five examples of 1st class levers?
- seesaw
- scissors
- crowbar
- Head balanced on neck in extension
- Elbow extension in triceps
What lever produces or multiples force movements?
2nd class levers
Which levers large resistance can be moved by a relatively small force (MA>1)?
2nd class lever
What are 4 examples of 2nd class levers?
- wheelbarrow
- nutcracker
- loosening a lug nut
- raising the body up on toes
There is relatively few ____ levers in body.
2nd class
Which lever is the most common within the body?
3rd class lever
What lever produces or multiply speed & ROM or distance movements (MA>1)?
3rd class levers
Which lever requires a great deal of force to move a small resistance?
3rd class levers
What 4 examples of 3rd class levers?
- paddling a boat
- shoveling
- biceps at elbow
- biceps brachii in elbow flexion
What is the main purpose of wheels and axles in the body?
To enhance ROM & speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system
Wheels and axles are essentially which class of levers?
1st class
What is an example of wheels and axles in use?
Throwing mechanics
What is the purpose of the pulleys in the body?
To change effective direction of force application
What is an example of a pulley system in the body?
Lateral malleolus
What are the types of motion?
Linear & angular motion
What is linear motion?
Motion along a line
What is angular motion?
Rotation around an axis
What is displacement?
Change in the position or location of an object from its original point of reference
What is distance?
Actual sum length of measurement traveled
Which law states: “A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force”?
Newtons 1st law
What are 2 examples of Newtons 1st law?
- A thrown ball requires a force to stop it
- Sprinter must apply considerable force to overcome resting inertia
Which of newtons law states: “ A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it”?
Newtons 2nd Law
What is the formula for Newtons 2nd law?
Force = mass x acceleration
What is an example of Newtons 2nd law?
A much greater force is required from the muscles to accelerate a 230 lb man than to accelerate a 130 lb man to the same running speed
Which of Newtons laws states: “For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction”?
Newtons 3rd Law
What are the 3 types of friction?
- Static
- Kinetic
- Rolling
What is friction?
Force from the resistance between surfaces of two objects
Which is greater, static or kinetic friction?
Static
What is the ability to control equilibrium?
Balance
What is equilibrium?
No change in the speed or direction of the body
What is force?
Forces either push or pull an object to affect motion
What is momentum?
Quantity of motion
The greater the ______, the greater the ______ to change.
Momentum ; resistance