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KINE 3200 > Exam 1 topic list > Flashcards

Exam 1 topic list Flashcards

1
Q

What is Kinesiology

A

Study of motion or human movement

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2
Q

What is the main difference between anatomical and fundamental position?

A

Essentially the same but, palms are facing the body

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3
Q

What is the vertical line passing through apex of axilla

A

Mid-axillary line

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4
Q

Parallel to mid-axillary line and passes through anterior axillary skinfold

A

Anterior axillary line

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5
Q

Parallel to mid-axillary line and passes through posterior axillary skinfold

A

Posterior axillary line

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6
Q

Vertical line through spinous processes of spine

A

Vertebral line

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7
Q

Vertical line on posterior surface of body passing through inferior angle of scapula

A

Scapula line

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8
Q

Vertical line down body passing through midpoint of clavicle (R&L)

A

Mid-clavicular line

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9
Q

Vertical line passing through middle of sternum

A

Mid-sternal line

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10
Q

Away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin

A

Distal

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11
Q

Nearest the trunk or the point of origin

A

Proximal

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12
Q

From the center of the body out towards the distal

A

Proximodistal

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13
Q
  • Relating to the back; toward the back, posterior
  • Top of foot
A

Dorsal

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14
Q

Relating to the belly or abdomen, front

A

Ventral

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15
Q

Palm or collar aspect of the hand

A

Palmar

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16
Q

Sole or undersurface of the foot

A

Plantar

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17
Q

Relating to lateral side of leg

A

Fibular

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18
Q

Relating to medial side of leg

A

Tibial

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19
Q

Relating to the lateral side of arm

A

Radial

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20
Q

Relating to the medial side of arm

A

Ulnar

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21
Q

_____ plan divides the body into 2 equal, left and right halves

A

Sagittal

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22
Q

What is the axis of sagittal plane?

A

Frontal

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23
Q

What movements are related to the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion and extension

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24
Q

____ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

A

Frontal plane

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25
Q

What is the axis of the frontal plane?

A

Sagittal

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26
Q

What movements are related to the frontal plane?

A

Abduction and adduction

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27
Q

____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions

A

Transverse plane

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28
Q

What axis is correlated with the transverse plane?

A

Longitudinal

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29
Q

What movements are related to the transverse plane?

A

Rotational

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30
Q

What are the skeletal functions?

A
  • Protection of heart
  • Support to maintain posture
  • Points of attachment
  • Mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus
  • Hemopoiesis
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31
Q

What are the 5 types of bones?

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
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32
Q

What are the two long bones? (HF)

A

Humerus & fibula

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33
Q

What are two short bones? (CT)

A

Carpals & tarsals

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34
Q

What are two flat bones? (SS)

A

Skull & scapula

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35
Q

What are three irregular bones? (PEEo)

A

Pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles

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36
Q

What is an example of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella

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37
Q

Which of the 5 bones is composed of a long cylindrical shaft with wide, protruding ends?

A

Long Bones

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38
Q

Which of the 5 bones is small, cuboidal shaped, a solid bone that usually has a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone?

A

Short bones

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39
Q

Which of the 5 bones usually has a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin?

A

Flat bones

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40
Q

Which of the 5 bones includes bones throughout entire spine, ischium, pubis, maxilla, ethmoid, and ear?

A

Irregular bones

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41
Q

Which of the 5 bones are small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units?

A

Sesamoid bones

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42
Q

Which bony feature is the long cylindrical shaft of bones?

A

Diaphysis

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43
Q

Which bony feature consist of membrane covering the outer surface of diaphysis?

A

Periosteum

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44
Q

Which bony feature is a hard compact bone forming walls of diaphysis?

A

Cortex

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45
Q

Which bony feature is a membrane that lines the inside of the cortex?

A

Endosteum

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46
Q

Which bony feature is between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow?

A

Medullary cavity

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47
Q

What bony feature is the end of long bones?

A

Epiphysis

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48
Q

Which bony feature is thin cartilage plate that separate diaphysis and epiphyses?

A

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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49
Q

Which bony feature covers the epiphysis and provides cushion and reduces friction?

A

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

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50
Q

What are the 3 major classification of joints? (SAD)

A
  • Synarthrodial
  • Amphiarthrodial
  • Diarthrodial
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51
Q

What are immovable fibrous joints?

A

Synarthrodial joints

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52
Q

What are slightly movable joints?

A

Amphiarthrodial joints

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53
Q

What are synovial joints and freely movable?

A

Diarthrodial joints

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54
Q

Which type of joints have motion possible in one or more planes?

A

Diarthrodial joints

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55
Q

What are the six types of diarthrodial joints? (GTCAES)

A
  • Ginglymus
  • Trochoid
  • Condyloidal
  • Arthrodial
  • Enarthrodial
  • Sellar
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56
Q

What is an example of Synarthrodial joints? (SG)

A

Sutures & Gomphosis (teeth fitting into mandible)

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57
Q

What is an example of Amphiarthrodial joint? (SynSymSync)

A
  • Syndesmosis: (tibia/fibula)
  • Symphysis: pubis symphysis
  • Synchondrosis: joint between ribs an sternum
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58
Q

What is the joint relationship between stability and mobility?

A

The more mobile a joint, the less stable and vice-versa.

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59
Q

What are the 5 major factors that affect total stability and consequently mobility of a joint? (BCLMP)

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Muscles
  • Proprioception
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60
Q

What is a goniometer?

A

Measures amount of movement in a joint

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61
Q

T/F: There are more than 600 muscles in the human body.

A

True

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62
Q

T/F: The human body weight consist of 40-50% muscles.

A

True

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63
Q

What are skeletal muscles responsible for?

A
  • movement of body and all its joints
  • protection
  • stability
  • posture and support
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64
Q

What is aggregate muscle action?

A

Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion

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65
Q

What are muscles usually named due to?

A

-visual appearance
- anatomical location
- function

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66
Q

What are the 2 major types of fiber arrangements?

A

Parallel & Pennate

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67
Q

What are parallel muscles?

A

Fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle

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68
Q

Parallel muscles produce ____ than similar sized Pennate muscles

A

Greater ROM

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69
Q

What are the 5 shapes of parallel muscles?

A
  • Flat
  • Fusiform
  • Sphincter
  • Radiate
  • Strap
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70
Q

Which type of parallel muscle is usually thin, and broad, originating from fibrous sheet-like aponeuroses

A

Flat muscles

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71
Q

Rectus abdominis and external oblique are examples of which parallel muscle?

A

Flat muscles

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72
Q

Which parallel muscle is spindle shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end?

A

Fusiform muscles

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73
Q

The Brachialis and biceps brachii are examples of which parallel muscle?

A

Fusiform muscles

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74
Q

Which type of parallel muscle is more uniform in diameter with fibers arranged in a long parallel manner?

A

Strap muscles

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75
Q

The Sartorius and sternocleidomastoid are examples of which parallel muscle?

A

Strap muscle

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76
Q

The radiate muscle is a combined arrangement of which parallel muscles?

A

Flat and fusiform

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77
Q

The pectoralis major and trapezius are examples of which parallel muscle?

A

Radiate muscle

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78
Q

Which parallel muscle is a circular type muscle with endless strap muscles?

A

Sphincter muscle

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79
Q

The Orbicularis oris surrounding the mouth is an example of which type of parallel muscle?

A

Sphincter muscle

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80
Q

Which type muscle has shorter fibers and arranged obliquely to their tendons?

A

Pennate

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81
Q

How are pennate muscle categorized?

A

Upon arrangement between fibers and tendon

82
Q

What are the three types of Pennate muscles?

A
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Multipennate
83
Q

Which pennate muscles produce the strongest contractions?

A

Unipennate and Bipennate

84
Q

Which Pennate muscle has fibers that run obliquely from a tendon on one side only?

A

Unipennate

85
Q

The biceps femoris and tibialis posterior are examples of which type of pennate muscle?

A

Unipennate

86
Q

Which pennate muscle has fibers that run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon?

A

Bipennate

87
Q

The Rectus femoris is an example of which type of pennate muscle?

A

Bipennate muscle

88
Q

What pennate muscle has several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them?

A

Multipennate

89
Q

The deltoid is an example of which pennate muscle?

A

Multipennate

90
Q

What are fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and other structures?

A

Tendons

91
Q

T/F: two muscles may share a common tendon

A

True

92
Q

T/F: A muscle may not have multiple tendons connecting it to 1+ bones

A

False; a muscle may

93
Q

What is origin of a muscle?

A

Proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline

94
Q

What is insertion of a muscle?

A

Distal attachment or the part that attaches further from the midline

95
Q

Between origin and insertion, which is the least movable part?

A

Origin

96
Q

What is contraction?

A

Tension developed in a muscle as a result of stimulus

97
Q

Which contraction is where active tension is developed within a muscle, but joint angles remain constant

A

Isometric

98
Q

Which contraction is where muscle develops active tension to either cause or control movement?

A

Isotonic

99
Q

What are the types of isotonic contractions?

A

Eccentric, Concentric, Isokinetic

100
Q

Which Isotonic contraction lengthens the muscle?

A

Eccentric

101
Q

Which Isotonic contraction has fixed movement speed?

A

Isokinetic

102
Q

Which isotonic contraction shortens the muscle?

A

Concentric

103
Q

Which type of contraction is described when; the resistance> Muscular force

A

Eccentric

104
Q

Which type of contraction is described when; Muscular force> the resistance

A

Concentric

105
Q

Which muscle has joint motions when contracting concentrically and are prime movers?

A

Agonist muscles

106
Q

Which muscle is located on the opposite side of joint from agonist and have the opposite concentric action?

A

Antagonist muscles

107
Q

Quadriceps muscles are ____ to hamstrings in knee flexion.

A

Antagonist

108
Q

Bicep muscles are _____ to triceps in bicep curl.

A

Agonist

109
Q

What muscles surround joint to provide firm base of support?

A

Stabilizer muscles

110
Q

What muscles assist agonist muscles?

A

Synergist muscles

111
Q

What is the term when 2+ muscles of a joint pull in different directions, causing an efficient rotation?

A

Force couples

112
Q

What is responsible for muscle contraction?

A

Nervous system

113
Q

What are the 5 levels of control of the CNS? (CcBgCBsSc)

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
  • Spinal cord
114
Q

Which part of the CNS has the highest level of control & voluntary movements of muscle action?

A

Cerebral cortex

115
Q

Which part of the CNS controls posture, equilibrium, balance, and rhythmic activities?

A

Basal ganglia

116
Q

Which part of the CNS controls sensory impulses, timing and intensity to refine movements?

A

Cerebellum

117
Q

Which part of the CNS functions in arousal or maintaining a wakeful state?

A

Brain Stem

118
Q

Which part of the CNS has specific control; pathway between CNS and PNS?

A

Spinal Cord

119
Q

The PNS is divided into what two divisions?

A

Sensory & Motor

120
Q

How do Sensory nerves work?

A

Bring impulses from receptors in skin to peripheral aspects of body to CNS

121
Q

How do Motor nerves work?

A

Carry impulses to outlying regions of body from the CNS

122
Q

Where do voluntary nerves carry impulses?

A

Skeletal muscles

123
Q

Where do involuntary muscles carry impulses?

A

Heart, smooth muscles, and glands

124
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

125
Q

Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are sensory?

A

1, 2, 8

126
Q

Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are motor?

A

3, 4, 6, 11, 12

127
Q

Of the 12 cranial nerves, which are motor and sensory?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

128
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

129
Q

What are the classes of spinal nerves in order and there quantity?

A
  • Cervical: 8
  • Thoracic: 12
  • Lumbar: 5
  • Sacral: 5
  • Coccygeal: 1
130
Q

What is the lumbosacral plexus composed of?

A
  • Lumbar nerves
  • Sacral nerves
  • Coccygeal nerve
131
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Basic functional units of nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses

132
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and tissue

133
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Impulses to spinal cod and brain from all parts of body

134
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

135
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Internal receptors which provide feedback relative to tension, length, position, and movements

136
Q

What do proprioceptors work to accomplish?

A

Kinesthesis

137
Q

What the muscle proprioceptors?

A
  • muscles spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
138
Q

What are the joint/skin Proprioception? (MRPK)

A
  • Meissners corpuscles
  • Ruffini’s corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Krause’s end-bulbs
139
Q

Which proprioceptors detect joint changes?

A

Meissners corpuscles
Ruffini’s corpuscles

140
Q

Which proprioceptors receives stimulus from touch?

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Krause’s end-bulbs

141
Q

What is the all or none principle?

A

Regardless of number, individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will either fire and contract maximally or not at all

142
Q

What stimuli produces AP in some motor units?

A

Submaximal stimuli

143
Q

What stimuli produces AP in all motor units of a particular muscle?

A

Maximal stimuli

144
Q

What are the phases of muscle tension development in order? (SLpCpRp)

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Latent Period
  3. Contraction phase
  4. Relaxation phase
145
Q

What is length tension relationship?

A

Maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force varies depending upon the length of the muscle during contraction

146
Q

What is an a example of length-tension relationship?

A

Squatting slight to stretch the calf

147
Q

What is the stretch-shortening cycle?

A

An active stretch of a muscle followed by an immediate shortening of that same muscle

148
Q

What is an example of stretch-shortening cycle?

A

When a jumper moves quickly downward immediately prior to jumping upward

149
Q

Which muscles cross and act directly on the joint that they cross?

A

Uniarticular muscles

150
Q

The Brachialis: pulls humerus and ulna together.

This is an example of which muscle articulation?

A

Uniarticular muscles

151
Q

Which muscles cross and act on two different joints; causing motion at 1+ joints?

A

Biarticular muscles

152
Q

Rectus Femoris muscle (crosses the hip and knee)

This is an example of which muscle articulation?

A

Biarticular muscles

153
Q

Which muscles act on three or more joints?

A

Multiarticular muscles

154
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis (crosses humeroulnar, radiocarpal, metacapophalangeal and interphalangeal joints).

This is an example of which muscle articulation?

A

Multiarticular muscles

155
Q

What are the types of machines in the body?

A
  • Levers
  • Wheels/axles
  • Pulleys
156
Q

In what four ways do machines function? (BEEA)

A
  • Balance multiple forces
  • Enhance force to overcome a resistance
  • Enhance ROM & speed of movement
  • Alters direction of the applied force
157
Q

What is the most common machine in the body?

A

Levers

158
Q

What is torque?

A

The rotary effect of a force about an axis of rotation

159
Q

What is a force arm?

A

Distance between the location of force and axis

160
Q

What is mechanical advantage?

A

Resistance/force

161
Q

The _____ the lever, greater ____ it can produce.

A

Longer ; Force

162
Q

The ______ the lever, the greater _____ it can produce.

A

Shorter ; speed

163
Q

What is the 1st class lever?

A

F - A - R

164
Q

What is the 2nd class lever?

A

A - R - F

165
Q

What is the 3rd class lever?

A

A - F - R

166
Q

Which lever multiplies speed & ROM when axis is closer to force (MA<1)?

A

1st class lever

167
Q

Which lever multiplies force when axis is closer to resistance (MA>1)?

A

1st class lever

168
Q

What are five examples of 1st class levers?

A
  • seesaw
  • scissors
  • crowbar
  • Head balanced on neck in extension
  • Elbow extension in triceps
169
Q

What lever produces or multiples force movements?

A

2nd class levers

170
Q

Which levers large resistance can be moved by a relatively small force (MA>1)?

A

2nd class lever

171
Q

What are 4 examples of 2nd class levers?

A
  • wheelbarrow
  • nutcracker
  • loosening a lug nut
  • raising the body up on toes
172
Q

There is relatively few ____ levers in body.

A

2nd class

173
Q

Which lever is the most common within the body?

A

3rd class lever

174
Q

What lever produces or multiply speed & ROM or distance movements (MA>1)?

A

3rd class levers

175
Q

Which lever requires a great deal of force to move a small resistance?

A

3rd class levers

176
Q

What 4 examples of 3rd class levers?

A
  • paddling a boat
  • shoveling
  • biceps at elbow
  • biceps brachii in elbow flexion
177
Q

What is the main purpose of wheels and axles in the body?

A

To enhance ROM & speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system

178
Q

Wheels and axles are essentially which class of levers?

A

1st class

179
Q

What is an example of wheels and axles in use?

A

Throwing mechanics

180
Q

What is the purpose of the pulleys in the body?

A

To change effective direction of force application

181
Q

What is an example of a pulley system in the body?

A

Lateral malleolus

182
Q

What are the types of motion?

A

Linear & angular motion

183
Q

What is linear motion?

A

Motion along a line

184
Q

What is angular motion?

A

Rotation around an axis

185
Q

What is displacement?

A

Change in the position or location of an object from its original point of reference

186
Q
A
187
Q

What is distance?

A

Actual sum length of measurement traveled

188
Q

Which law states: “A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force”?

A

Newtons 1st law

189
Q

What are 2 examples of Newtons 1st law?

A
  • A thrown ball requires a force to stop it
  • Sprinter must apply considerable force to overcome resting inertia
190
Q

Which of newtons law states: “ A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it”?

A

Newtons 2nd Law

191
Q

What is the formula for Newtons 2nd law?

A

Force = mass x acceleration

192
Q

What is an example of Newtons 2nd law?

A

A much greater force is required from the muscles to accelerate a 230 lb man than to accelerate a 130 lb man to the same running speed

193
Q

Which of Newtons laws states: “For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction”?

A

Newtons 3rd Law

194
Q

What are the 3 types of friction?

A
  • Static
  • Kinetic
  • Rolling
195
Q

What is friction?

A

Force from the resistance between surfaces of two objects

196
Q

Which is greater, static or kinetic friction?

A

Static

197
Q

What is the ability to control equilibrium?

A

Balance

198
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

No change in the speed or direction of the body

199
Q

What is force?

A

Forces either push or pull an object to affect motion

200
Q

What is momentum?

A

Quantity of motion

201
Q

The greater the ______, the greater the ______ to change.

A

Momentum ; resistance

KINE 3200 (3 decks)

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