reviewwwww Flashcards
albumin must be what magic number to maintain vasculature permeability?
> 1.5g/dL
when should you NOT use colloids?
dehydrated, coagulopathy, head trauma, impaired renal functioning
how much fluid replacement do we do (%) in a dehydrated p in a 24 hour period before sx?
replace 75-80% dehydrated fluid deficit in 24 hr period prior to anesthesia to prevent fluid overloading
Hgb Should be more than ____ and TP should be more than ____
Hgb > 7g/dL
TP >4g/dL
alpha drugs cause ____ and beta drugs cause ____ and them mixed help maintain BP
vasoconstriction; volume expansion
what drug blocks alpha adrenergic receptors?
Acepromazine which is a phenothiazine
What drug is a 1B anti-arrhythmic?
Lidocaine
is also a free radical scavenger, increases GI motility, cheap, good for visceral pain, lowers MAC, synergistic w opioids
why would myocardial necrosis occur in stress dog?
Massive catecholamine releases causing focal coag. necrosis with neutrophilic inflammation –> necrosis
why do we read lead 2 in ECG’s?
gives us the greatest surface area of heart electricity
With sinus arrh. will see short QRS during ____ and long QRS during _____
inspiration; expiration
what does a sinus bradycardia indicate?
high vagal tone (in brachycephalics but also due to alpha-2’s or high ICP patients)
sinus tachycardia is regular sinus that is faster than n and is the most common arrhythmia in dogs and cats due to what??
due to sympathetic tone/pain/stress/ any shock
P with NO QRS-T (dropped beat) is what arrhythmia? How do we tx it?
2nd degree AV block, tx with atropine or glycopyrrolate
caused from impulses not making it all the way to the ventricle
What is the mobitz type 1 2nd degree AV block?
Wenckebach rhythm, P-R interval increases gradually and then beat is dropped completely
irregular
What is the mobitz type 2 2nd degree AV block?
P-R interval does not lengthen, no pattern at all, seriousness involves how wide th QRS complex gets, worse than type 1
What is the most severe AV block?
3rd degree
What occurs in 3rd degree AV block???
complete block –> atria and ventricle work independently, P wave with wide QRS complex, if QRS narrow –> impulse from His Bundle/Purkinje, anticholinergics do nothing
? is irregularly irregular orginiation from the atrial foci other than SA node and P-R interval is shorter HR is n and is due to atrial enlargement (HCM)
Premature atrial contractions
How to tx premature atrial contractions:
digoxin/ Ca2+ channel blockers
Atrial tachycardia–
supraventricular arrhythmia, rapid and regular from ectopic atrial site, can look like sinus tachycardia but weird P waves due to ambiguity of P/T wave almost overlapping, due to large atria/HCM/hyperthyroid, treat with vagal maneuver (ocular/carotid sinus pressure)/lidocaine/Ca channel blockers/beta blockers
Atrial flutter–
looks like saw blade, treat with vagal maneuver (ocular/carotid sinus pressure)/lidocaine/Ca channel blockers/beta blockers