[REVIEWER] Protozoans

Question 1

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 1

Disease: Amebiasis
Mode of Transmission: Fecal-oral (Direct)
Diagnostic Stage: Cyst, Trophozoite
Infective Stage: Cyst, Trophozoite
Intermediate Host: N/A
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Metronidazole
Diagnostic Technique: EIA, Stool Sample, Trichome Stain

Question 2

Giardia intensinalis

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 2

Disease: Giardiasis
Mode of Transmission: Fecal-oral (Direct)
Diagnostic Stage: Cyst, Trophozoite
Infective Stage: Cyst, Trophozoite
Intermediate Host: N/A
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Metronidazole
Diagnostic Technique: EIA, Stool Sample, DFA

Question 3

Plasmodium spp.

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 3

Disease: Malaria
Mode of Transmission: Mosquito Vector Transmission (Blood Meal)
Diagnostic Stage: Merozoites
Infective Stage: Sporozoites
Intermediate Host: Humans
Definitive Host: Mosquitoes
Drug Treatment: Anti-relapse drugs
Diagnostic Technique: Microscopy

Question 4

Sarcocystis spp.

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 4

Disease: Sarcosystosis
Mode of Transmission: Fecal-oral, Eating undercooked meat
Diagnostic Stage: Bradyzoites
Infective Stage: Oocysts
Intermediate Host: Pigs, Cattle
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Albendazole
Diagnostic Technique: Microscopy

Question 5

Trypanosoma spp.

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 5

Disease: African Trypanosomiasis
Mode of Transmission: Tsetse Fly Vector Transmission (Blood Meal)
Diagnostic Stage: Circulating trypomastigotes
Infective Stage: Tsetse fly takes a blood meal
Intermediate Host: Tsetse fly
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Benznidazole
Diagnostic Technique: Thick and Thin Blood Smears

Question 6

Naegleria fowleri

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 6

Disease: Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Mode of Transmission: Water-borne Transmission (Direct)
Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoites (in CSF and Brain tissue)
Infective Stage: Trophozoites (in water)
Intermediate Host: N/A
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Amphotericin B with Clotrimazole
Diagnostic Technique: Brain Biopsy, PCR

Question 7

Trichomonas vaginalis

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 7

Disease: Trichomoniasis
Mode of Transmission: Sexual Transmission (Direct)
Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoites in vagina
Infective Stage: Trophozoites in vagina
Intermediate Host: N/A
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Metronidazole, Tinidazole (MT)
Diagnostic Technique: Wet Mount Microscopy, Rapid Antigen Test

Question 8

Leishmania spp.

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 8

Disease: Leishmaniasis
Mode of Transmission: Sandfly Vector Transmission (Blood Meal)
Diagnostic Stage: Amastigotes
Infective Stage: Promastigotes
Intermediate Host: Sandfly Vector
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Amphotericin B, Pentamidine
Diagnostic Technique: PCR, Blood Smear (Giemsa, H&E Assay)

Question 9

Cryptosporidium spp.

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 9

Disease: Cryptosporidiosis
Mode of Transmission: Fecal-oral (Direct)
Diagnostic Stage: Thick-walled oocyst exits host
Infective Stage: Thick-walled oocyst ingested by host
Intermediate Host: N/A
Definitive Host: Humans
Drug Treatment: Nitadoxamide, Azithromycin (NA)
Diagnostic Technique: EIA

Question 10

Toxoplasma gondii

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 10

Disease: Toxoplasmosis
Mode of Transmission: Fecal-oral, Contact with cat feces (oocyst)
Diagnostic Stage: Oocyst, Tachyzoites, and Bradyzoites
Infective Stage: Cysts, Oocysts
Intermediate Host: Humans
Definitive Host: Cats
Drug Treatment: Pyrimethamine, Sulfadiazine (PuSa)
Diagnostic Technique: PCR, Tissue Examination

Question 11

Babesia spp.

Disease:
Mode of Transmission:
Diagnostic Stage:
Infective Stage:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive Host:
Drug Treatment:
Diagnostic Technique:

Answer 11

Disease: Babesiosis
Mode of Transmission: Tick Vector Transmission (Blood Meal)
Diagnostic Stage: Trophozoite (in RBC)
Infective Stage: Sporozoite
Intermediate Host: Tick, Mouse
Definitive Host: Mammals
Drug Treatment: Clindamycin + Quinine (CQ)
Diagnostic Technique: ELISA, PCR