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LBBBI18 > LE1 (Parasitic Protozoans) > Flashcards

LE1 (Parasitic Protozoans) Flashcards

1
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Disease caused)

A

Trichomoniasis (white, green, grey vaginal discharge)

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2
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Mode of transmission)

A

Direct Transmission: Sexual Transmission (having unprotected sex with someone who has trich)

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3
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Intermediate Host)

A

N/A (direct transmission)

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4
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Definitive Host)

A

Humans

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5
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Infective Stage)

A

Trophozoites in vaginal or prostatic secretion

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6
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Diagnostic Stage)

A

Trophozoites in vagina or orifice of urethra

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7
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Treatment)

A

Metronidazole and Tinidazole

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8
Q

Leishmania spp.
(Disease caused)

A

Leishmaniasis (caused by diploid protozoa)

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9
Q

Leishmania spp.
(Mode of transmission)

A

Sand Fly Vector Transmission: Blood Meal (bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies)

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10
Q

Leishmania spp.
(Intermediate Host)

A

Sand Fly Vector : Phlebotomus papatasi

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11
Q

Leishmania spp.
(Definitive Host)

A

Vertebrate mammals (humans, dogs, and rodents)

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12
Q

Leishmania spp.
(Infective Stage)

A

Promastigotes injected by sand fly

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13
Q

Leishmania spp.
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Amastigote

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14
Q

Leishmania spp.
(Treatment)

A

Sodium stibogluconate & n-methyl-glucamine, Amphotericin B, and Pentamidine.

Treatment depends on host and parasite factors. Some regimens effectiveness depends on species, strain, and location. Special groups may need different medications

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15
Q

Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Disease caused)

A

Malaria

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16
Q

Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Mode of transmission)

A

Mosquito Vector Transmission: Blood Meal (bite of infected female anopheles mosquito)

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17
Q

Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Intermediate host)

A

Humans

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18
Q

Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Definitive Host)

A

Mosquito Vector: Female Anopheles spp.
Main PHL Vector: A. flavirostris

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19
Q

Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Infective Stage)

A

Sporozoites (mosquitoes inject to humans)

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20
Q

Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Merozoites infect the blood

Human Blood Stage: Immature Trophozoite (ring stage), Mature Trophozoite, Schizonts, and Gametocytes

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21
Q

Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Treatment)

A
  • Prophylactic drugs
  • Blood Schizonticidal drugs
  • Gametocytocidal drugs
  • Hypnozoitocidal drugs/Antirelapse drugs
  • Sporonticidal drugs

Atovaquone

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22
Q

Giardia duodenalis
(Disease caused)

A

Giardiasis (stomach cramps/diarrhea)

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23
Q

Giardia duodenalis
(Mode of transmission)

A

Direct Transmission: Fecal-Oral Route (contaminated water containing the ameba enters thru the nose)

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24
Q

Giardia duodenalis
(Intermediate host)

A

N/A (Direct Transmission)

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25
Q

Giardia duodenalis
(Definitive host)

A

Humans and other mammals

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26
Q

Giardia duodenalis
(Infective Stage)

A

Cyst in infected water

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27
Q

Giardia duodenalis
(Diagnostic Stage)

A

Cyst & Trophozoites in small intestine

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28
Q

Giardia duodenalis
(Treatment)

A

Metronidazole

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29
Q

Naegleria fowleri
(Disease caused)

A

Primary Amebic Meningoencaphalitis (PAM) (fever, hallucinations, gastritis)

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30
Q

Naegleria fowleri
(Mode of transmission)

A

Direct Transmission: Water-Borne Transmission

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31
Q

Naegleria fowleri
(Intermediate host)

A

N/A (Free-living in warm freshwater and soil)

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32
Q

Naegleria fowleri
(Definitive host)

A

Humans or Animals (penetrates nasal mucosa and migrates too brain; no definitive host)

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33
Q

Naegleria fowleri
(Infective stage)

A

Trophozoites in water

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34
Q

Naegleria fowleri
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Trophozoites (CSF and Brain Tissue) & Flagellated Forms (Ocassionally in CSF)

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35
Q

Naegleria fowleri
(Treatment)

A

Amphotericin B in combination with Clotrimazole
(however, most die prior to effective treatment)

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36
Q

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
(Disease caused)

A

Amebiasis

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37
Q

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
(Mode of transmission)

A

Direct Transmission: Fecal-Oral Route (swallowing contaminated water)

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38
Q

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
(Intermediate host)

A

N/A (Direct Transmission)

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39
Q

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
(Definitive host)

A

Humans

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40
Q

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
(Infective stage)

A

Cyst (Formed Stool)
Trophozoites (Diarrheal Stool)
in food and water

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41
Q

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Cyst (Formed Stool) is ingested
Trophozoites (Diarrheal Stool) in the colon

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42
Q

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
(Treatment)

A

Metronidazole & Diloxanide Furoate

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43
Q

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense
(Disease caused)

A

African Trypanosomiasis

T.b. gambiense = Chronic West African Sleeping Sickness
T.b. rhodesiense = Acute East African Sleeping Sickness

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44
Q

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense
(Mode of transmission)

A

Tstetse Fly Vector Transmission - Blood Meal (bite of tsetse flies (glosinna))

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45
Q

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense
(Intermediate host)

A

Tsetse Fly Vector: Glossina spp.
Long, slender trypomastigote

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46
Q

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense
(Definitive host)

A

Humans

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47
Q

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense
(Infective stage)

A

Metacyclic Trypomastigotes (tsetse fly takes a blood meal)

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48
Q

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense
(Diagnostic stage)

A

M. cyclic trypomastigotes infects blood which has an acute phase (circulating trypamastigotes)

49
Q

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense
(Treatment)

A

First Stage = Intravenous suramin sodium for both spp., Intramuscular pentamidine for Gambian form

CNS Stage = Intravenous Melarsoprol, if inefficient, use Nitrofurazone

Hemolymphatic Stage = Eflorinthine (Effective against T.b. gambiense)

Benznidazole

50
Q

Sarcocystis spp.
(Disease caused)

A

Sarcocystosis

51
Q

Sarcocystis spp.
(Mode of transmission)

A
  • Fecal-Oral Route
  • Ingestion of Undercooked Meat
  • Ingesting the form of the parasite that has been passed in animal feces
52
Q

Sarcocystis spp.
(Intermediate host)

A

S. hominis: Cattle;
S. suihominis: Pigs
herbivores

53
Q

Sarcocystis spp.
(Definitive host)

A

Carnivores (Humans, Dogs, Cats)

54
Q

Sarcocystis spp.
(Infective stage)

A

Oocyst with bradyzoites in undercooked meat

55
Q

Sarcocystis spp.
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Bradyzoites in intestine cause cells to rupture when it release gametes

56
Q

Sarcocystis spp.
(Treatment)

A

Muscle Biopsy, Albendazole, & Corticosteroids (no direct corticosteroids in inflammation)

57
Q

Babesia spp.
(Disease caused)

A

Babesiosis

58
Q

Specific Babesia spp.

A

Babesia microti

59
Q

Babesia spp.
(Mode of transmission)

A

Tick Vector: Blood Meal or Transfusion (through the bite of an infected tick)

60
Q

Babesia spp.
(Intermediate host)

A

Tick Vector: Ixodes scapularis
White-Footed Mouse

61
Q

Babesia spp.
(Definitive host)

A

Vertebrate mammals (e.g. humans, rodents, and dogs)

62
Q

Babesia spp.
(Infective stage)

A

Sporozoites injected by ticks

63
Q

Babesia spp.
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Trophozoites (in RBC) and Merozoites

64
Q

Babesia spp.
(Treatment)

clue: C+Q

A

Clindamycin + Quinine
Azithromycin + Atovaquone
Antipyretics Vasopressors

65
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
(Disease caused)

A

Toxoplasmosis

66
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
(Mode of transmission)

A

Fecal-Oral Route, Ingestion of Undercooked Meat

67
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
(Intermediate host)

A

Warm-blooded animals (including humans, birds, and rodents)

68
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
(Definitive host)

A

Family Felidae (domestic cats and their relatives)

69
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
(Infective stage)

A

Oocysts in infected meat, Tachyzoite, and Bradyzoite

70
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Humans and other IH: Tachyzoite & Bradyzoite
Domestic & Wild felids: Oocysts in muscle tissue or brain tissue, Tachyzoites, & Bradyzoites

71
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
(Treatment)

A

Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine

72
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.
(Disease caused)

A

Cryptosporidiosis

73
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.
(Mode of transmission)

A

Direct Transmission: Fecal-Oral Route (swallowing contaminated water)

74
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.
(Intermediate Host)

A

N/A (Direct Transmission)

75
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.
(Definitive host)

A

Vertebrate mammals (including humans)

76
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.
(Infective stage)

A

Thick-walled oocyst ingested by host
Thick-walled oocyst (sporulated) exits host

77
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.
(Diagnostic stage)

A

Thick-walled oocyst in stool samples (sporulated) exits host

78
Q

Cryptosporidium spp.
(Treatment)

clue: NA

A

Nitazoxanide & Azithromycin

79
Q

E. histolytica (cyst or trophozoite) has:

  • definitive stage
  • more nucleus and can be seen clearly
  • considered a diagnostic stage
  • longer shelf life
A

E. histolytica cyst

80
Q

E. histolytica (cyst or trophozoite) has:

  • irregular shapes
  • short lived
A

E. histolytica trophozoite

81
Q
  • Free living amoeba
  • Pathogenic and opportunistic parasite
A

Acanthamoeba

82
Q

Acanthamoeba (Diagnostic stage)

A

Cysts and Trophozoites lodged in the tissue

83
Q

Acanthamoeba (Life cycle)

A
  • causes keratitis if it enters the eye
  • causes GAE if it infects the nasal passages
84
Q

Genus of E. histolytica

A

Entamoeba

85
Q

Genus of N. fowleri

A

Percolozoa

86
Q

Naegleria fowleri adult form

A

Naegleria fowleri
(ameboflagellate)

87
Q

3 stages of the life cycle of Naegleria spp.

A

Cyst, Trophozoite, and Flagellate

88
Q

Freeliving amebo-flagellate
trophozoite form ____________
swimming form ______________

A

ameba
flagellate

89
Q

Genus of T. vaginalis

A

Trichomonas

89
Q

Leading parasitic disease that causes mortality worldwide

A

Malaria

90
Q

Called the African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma

90
Q

Genus of Trypanosoma

A

Trypanosoma

91
Q

Genus of Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania

92
Q

Most common sore ulcer

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

93
Q

Numerous diffuse satellite lesions

A

Mucocutaenous leishmaniasis

94
Q

Spread of parasites into bone marrow, spleen, and liver

A

Visceral leishmaniasis

95
Q

Infect the intestinal tract of vertebrates

A

Coccidians

96
Q

Where all stages of development are completed in Cryptosporidium

A

Gastrointestinal tract of the host

97
Q

Toxoplasmosis life cycle

A

Schizogony, gametogony, and sporogony

98
Q

Simplest form of Sarcocystis spp.

A

Zoite

99
Q

Invasive form of Sarcocystis spp.

A

Vasculitis

100
Q

Intestinal form of Sarcocystis spp.

A

Nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

101
Q

Sarcocystis spp. symptoms

A

Anorexia, nausea, and abdominal pain

102
Q

Hemosporidian parasite causing babesiosis

A

Babesia spp.

103
Q

Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica

A

Freshwater snail

104
Q

Intermediatete host of Clonorchis sinensis

A

Snail: Parafossarulus

105
Q

Intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani (snail)

A

Antemelania asperata, Antemelania dactylus

106
Q

Intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani (Crab)

A

Mountain crabs

107
Q

Intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum

A

Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi

108
Q

causes Chagas disease, transmitted by “kissing bugs”, causes damage to nervous system

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

109
Q
  • Intracellular protozoan found within RBCs.
  • Spread by infected ticks
A

Babesia

110
Q

Intermediate host of Taenia solium

A

Pig/Swine

111
Q

Intermediate host of Taenia sagenata

A

Cow

112
Q

After humans consume the eggs passed on by dogs, the worms can form huge cysts in the body

A

Hydatid disease

113
Q

2nd most common parasitic disease

A

Giardia

114
Q

Most common cause of diarrhea

A

Cryptosporidium

115
Q

Most common reason why people get infected

A

fecal-oral transmission

116
Q

Common parasites found in meat

A

toxoplasma
trichinella
taenia
gnathostoma

117
Q

One of the most neglected tropical disease

A

Schistosomiasis

LBBBI18 (6 decks)

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