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General Veterinary Physiology > REVIEWER!! > Flashcards

REVIEWER!! Flashcards

1
Q

Passive Transport

A

✓ Osmosis
✓ Diffusion
✓ Facilitated Transport

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2
Q

Extracellular Fluid contains;

A

° large amount sodium
° small amount potassium
° large amount chloride ions

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3
Q

intracellular fluid contains;

A

° phosphates
° proteins

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4
Q

now miscible with either extracellular or intracellular fluid

A

lipid bilayer

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5
Q

a penetrating protein, interrupt the continuity of the lipid bilayer, constituting an alternative pathway through the cell membrane

A

transport protein

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6
Q

way through the molecule and allow free movement of water, as well as selected ions or molecules

A

channel proteins

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7
Q

bind with molecules or ions that are to be transported

A

carrier proteins

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8
Q

energy that causes diffusion

A

kinetic motion of matter

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9
Q

random molecular movement of substances molecule by molecule, either through intermolecular spaces in the membrane or in combination with a carrier proteins

A

diffusion

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10
Q

movement of ions or other substances across the membrane in combination with a carrier proteins in such that the carrier protein causes the substances to move against energy gradient.

A

active transport

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11
Q

Diffusion through the cell membrane is divided into two subtypes:

A

° Simple Diffusion
° Facilitated Diffusion

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12
Q

kinetic movement of molecules or ions occur through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without any interaction with carrier proteins in the membrane

A

Simple Diffusion

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13
Q

requires interaction of a carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

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14
Q

Simple diffusion can occur through the cell membrane by two pathways;

A

° through the interstices of the lipid bilayer
° through the watery channels

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15
Q

determines how rapidly a substance diffuses through the lipid bilayer

A

lipid solubility

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16
Q

are composed of integral cell membrane proteins that form open tubes through the membrane and are always open

A

pores

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17
Q

the protein channels are distinguished by two important characteristics;

A
  1. often selectively permeable to certain substances
  2. many of the channels can be opened or closed by the gates that are regulated by electrical signals
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18
Q

permit passage of potassium ions across the cell membrane about 1000 times

A

Potassium Channels

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19
Q

is only 0.3 by 0.5 nanometer in diameter, but more important, the inner surfaces of this channel are lined with amino acids that are strongly negatively charged

A

sodium channels

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20
Q

controlling ion permeability of the channels

A

gating of protein channels

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21
Q

the opening and closing of gates are controlled in two principal ways;

A

° voltage gating
° chemical(ligand) gating

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22
Q

the molecular conformation of the gate or of it’s chemical bonds responds to the electrical potential across the cell membrane

A

voltage gating

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23
Q

opened by the binding of a chemical substances with the protein; open or closes gate

A

chemical(ligand) gating

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24
Q

Most important substances that cross cell membranes by facilitated diffusion are;

A

glucose and amino acids

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25
Q

activated by insulin, which can increase the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose as much as 10-fold to 20-fold in insulin-sensitive tissues

A

glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)

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26
Q

the sum of all the forces of the different molecules striking a unit surface area at a given instant

A

pressure

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27
Q

most abundant substance that diffuses through the cell membrane

A

water

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28
Q

the process of net movement of water caused by concentration difference of water

A

osmosis

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29
Q

the exact amount of pressure required to stop osmosis

A

osmotic pressure

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30
Q

called to a unit, to express the concentration of a solution in terms of numbers of particles

A

osmolarity

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31
Q

a process called when a cell membrane moves molecules or ions “uphill” against a concentration gradient

A

active transport

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32
Q

Active transport is divided into two types according to the source of the energy used to cause the transport

A
  1. primary active transport
  2. secondary transport
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33
Q

the energy derived directly from breakdown of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or of some other high-energy phosphate compound

A

primary active transport

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34
Q

the energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration

A

secondary active transport

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35
Q

Substances that are transported by primary active transport are;

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, chloride, and few other ions

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36
Q

the active transport mechanism that has been studied greatest detail

A

sodium-potassium pump

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37
Q

Three specific features that are important for the functioning of the pump;

A

° has 3 reception sites for binding sodium ions
° has 2 receptor sites of potassium ions
° the inside portion has ATpase activity

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38
Q

Most important functions of Na+-K pump

A

to control the volume of each cell

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39
Q

normally maintained at extremely low concentration in the intracellular cytosol of virtually all cells in the body

A

calcium pump

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40
Q

two places in the body, primary active transport of hydrogen ions is important

A

✓ in the gastric glands of the stomach
✓ in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts of the chicken

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41
Q

parietal cells have the most potent primary active mechanism for transporting hydrogen ions of many part of the body

A

gastric glands

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42
Q

are specialized intercalated cells in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts that also transport hydrogen ions by primary active transport

A

renal tubules

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43
Q

represents a storehouse of energy because the excess sodium outside the cell membrane is always attempting to diffuse to the interior

A

gradient

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44
Q

sodium ions again attempt to diffuse to the interior of the cell because of their large concentration gradient

A

counter-transport

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45
Q

are especially important mechanisms in transporting glucose across the renal and intestinal epithelial cells

A

sodium-glucose co-transport

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46
Q

the action potentials conducted from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

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47
Q

the process of eliciting the action potential

A

excitation

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48
Q

period during which a second action potential cannot be elicited, even with a strong stimulus

A

absolute refractory period

49
Q

an experimental apparatus which is used to measure flow of ions through the different channels

A

voltage clamp

50
Q

the potential difference between the inside and outside

A

Diffusion potential

51
Q

the potential difference required, with negativity inside the fiber membrane

A

94 millivolts

52
Q

rises high enough within the milliseconds to block further net diffusion ions to the inside

A

membrane potential

53
Q

positive inside the fiber

A

61 millivolts

54
Q

the diffusion potential level across the a membrane that exactly opposes the net diffusion of a particular ion through the membrane

A

nernst potential

55
Q

is placed in the extracellular fluid, and the potential difference between the inside and outside of the fiber is measured using an appropriate voltmeter

A

indifferent electrode

56
Q

recording electrode passes through the voltage change area at the cell membrane

A

electrical dipole layer

57
Q

resting potential

A

-90 millivolts

58
Q

more positive chargers are pumped to the outside than to the inside

A

electrogenic pump

59
Q

causes large concentrations gradients sodium and potassium across the resting nerve membrane

A

sodium potassium pump

60
Q

Sodium

A

° 142 mEq/L (outside)
° 14 mEq/L (inside)

61
Q

Potassium

A

° 4 mEq/L (outside)
° 140 mEq/L (inside)

62
Q

ratio of sodium ions from inside to outside the membrane

A

0.1

63
Q

transmit nerve signal which are rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread rapidly along the nerve fiber membrane

A

action potentials

64
Q

resting membrane potential before the action potential begins

A

resting stage

65
Q

permeable to sodium ion

A

depolarization stage

66
Q

permeable to potassium ions

A

repolarization stage

67
Q

two types of transport channels through the nerve membrane

A

° voltage-gated sodium
° potassium channels

68
Q

one near the outside of the channel

A

activation gate

69
Q

another near the inside

A

inactivation gate

70
Q

during this state, sodium ions can pour inward through the channel, increasing the sodium permeability of the membrane as much as 500- to 5000- fold

A

activated state

71
Q

composed of numerous fibers ranging from 10-80 micrometer diameter

A

skeletal muscles

72
Q

is a thin membrane enclosing a skeletal muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

73
Q

are composed of actin and myosin filaments

A

myofibrils

74
Q

are larged polymerized protein molecules that are responsible for the actual muscle contraction

A

myosin filaments and actin filaments

75
Q

a light bands contain only actin filaments

A

I bands (isotropic)

76
Q

dark bands contain myosin filaments, as well as as the ends of the actin filaments where they overlap the myosin

A

A bands (anisotropic)

77
Q

the portion of the myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs

A

sacromere

78
Q

keep the myosin and actin filament ls in place

A

thin filamentous molecules

79
Q

achieved by a large number of filamentous molecules of a protein

A

titin

80
Q

act as a framework that holds the myosin and actin filaments in place so that the contractile machinery of the sarcomere will work

A

springy titin molecules

81
Q

is a specialized ER of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

82
Q

are composed of multiple myosin molecules

A

myosin filaments

83
Q

composed of six polypeptide chains two heavy chains and four light chains

A

myosin molecules

84
Q

actin filaments are composed of;

A

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

85
Q

a double stranded, the backbone of the actin filaments and represented by two lighter-colored strands

A

F-actin protein molecule

86
Q

a polymerized strand of double F-actin helix, having a molecular weight of about 42000

A

G-actin molecules

87
Q

another actin filaments has a molecular weight of 70000 and la length of 49 nanometers

A

tropomyosin molecules

88
Q

one hypothesis for which considerable evidence exist

A

walk along (ratchet theory)

89
Q

tilt of the head

A

power stroke

90
Q

the greater the amount of work performed by the muscle, the greater the amount of ATP is cleaved

A

Fenn effect

91
Q

at a sarcomere length of about 2 micrometers, it attracts upon activation with the approximate maximum force of attraction

A

resting length

92
Q

increase in tension that occurs during contraction, decreases as the muscle is stretched beyond its normal length

A

active tension

93
Q

energy is transferred from the muscle to the external load

A

work

94
Q

first source of energy that is used to reconstrate ATP, carries a high phosphate bond, similar to the bonds of ATP

A

phosphocreatine

95
Q

second source of energy that is used to reconstitute both ATP and phosphocreatine

A

glycolysis

96
Q

third and final source of energy

A

oxidative metabolism

97
Q

many features of muscle contraction can be demonstrated by eliciting single what?

A

muscle twitches

98
Q

when the muscle does not shorten during contraction

A

isometric

99
Q

when it does not shorten but the tension on the muscle remains constant throughout the contraction

A

isotonic

100
Q

muscles reacts rapidly, including anterior tibialis are composed of mainly of this

A

fast fibers

101
Q

muscle such as soleus that respond slowly but with prolonged contraction are composed of this fibers

A

slow fibers

102
Q

iron-containing protein similar to hemoglobin in RBC

A

myoglobin

103
Q

deficit of red myoglobin in fast muscle

A

white muscle

104
Q

all muscle fibers wre innervated by a single nerve fiber

A

motor unit

105
Q

adding together of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of overall muscle contraction

A

summation

106
Q

increasing the frequency of contraction. can lead to tetanization

A

frequency summation

107
Q

when the frequency reaches a critical level, the successive contraction eventually is rapid so that they fuse together

A

tetanization

108
Q

a phenomenon which strength of contraction increases to a plateau

A

staircase effect/treppe

109
Q

even when muscle are at rest, a certain amount of tautness usually remains

A

muscle tone

110
Q

prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle

A

muscle fatigue

111
Q

when the total mass of muscle decreases

A

muscle atrophy

112
Q

enlargement of individual muscle fibers

A

fiber hypertrophy

113
Q

pathway that appears to account for much of the protein degradation in a muscle undergoing atrophy

A

ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

114
Q

chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds

A

proteolysis

115
Q

regulatory protein that basically label which cells will be targeted for proteasomal degradation

A

ubiquitin

116
Q

increase in fiber number

A

fiber hyperplasia

117
Q

the fibrous tissue that replaces by the muscle fibers during denervation atrophy alse has a tendency to continue shortening for many months

A

contracture

118
Q

causes large motor units

A

macro motor units

119
Q

muscles that contract and become rigid, even without potentials

A

rigor mortis

General Veterinary Physiology (9 decks)

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